Editorial: Epidemiology in clinical nutrition
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Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):193.doi:
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Supplementary feeding in programmes in developing countries: lessons of the eighties. Part II: Discussion and references
Author:Hossein Ghassemi
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Abstract:This extensive report reviews the important lessons learned during the 1980s on supplementary food distribution for the vulnerable groups in developing countries. These lessons may be useful in making such programmes a more cost-effective option in narrowing the food/nutrient gap in intake among the programme beneficiaries. This report follows a similar report published at the end of the 1970s by the author and George Beaton for UNICEF. The primary focus in the study has been the food distribution among young children, particularly schoolchildren, and also in pregnant and lactating women. The data have been gathered through a comprehensive search of the literature, official reports and documents from several United Nations agencies, aid agencies, national and international institutions. As well as original research papers on theoretical and applied issues, reports on design and evaluation of specific programmes in over 20 countries are studied. Consideration of programme design examines objectives, nutrient/food gap, poverty reduction, malnutrition, mother and child feeding practices, foods, ration sizes, leakages, targeting, coverage, integration of feeding and health care. Potential and measured benefits are considered in the light of the reports published at the end of the 1970s and consequent analysis of work up until the end of the 1980s. Programme costs are documented. In a discussion on context and input, the functional significance of mild and moderate malnutrition is considered, together with diet and physical activity. The author offers some thoughts on future directions and high-lights the need for further research.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):195-206.doi:
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Insulin-like growth factor-l and fast growth-hormone levels in mild and moderately malnourished children
Author:Wan Mohamud Wan Nazaimoon, Ali Osman, Mee Lian Ng,
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Abstract:Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)and fasting growth hormone levels were measured in a group of 255 children (163 males and 92 females. age ranged 6-17 years) of varying pubertal development and body mass index (BMI); well-nourished (BMI> 18). mildly-malnourished (BMI = 15-18) and moderately-malnourished (BMI<15). In well-nourished children IGF-I levels increased significantly (P = 0.02) with pubertal development. where girls at Tanner 5 had significantly higher (p = 0.03) IGF-I levels than the boys. Whilst there was no change in fasting GH levels with nutritional status, IGF-I levels of prepubertal boys and girls decreased significantly with BMI (P<0.001 and P = 0.01 respectively). Hence. measurement of IGF-I levels is a sensitive biochemical index in the assessment of mild and moderate form of malnutrition in prepubertal children.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):207-210.doi:
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A food frequency questionnaire for use in Chinese populations and its validation
Author:Bridget H-H Hsu-Hage, Mark L Wahlqvist
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Abstract:There is no gold standard in the assessment of individual dietary intake methodology. The choice of dietary method to estimate individual intake depends upon the study objectives for the assessment of individual intake. We adopted a food frequency questionnaire and modified it for use in a study of food habits and cardiovascular health status in adult Chinese living in Melbourne. Australia. This is a semi-quantitative questionnaire (MCHS-FFQ) and is designed to estimate past food intake. It consists of 220 foods and beverages. A reference portion is given to obtain a quantitative estimate of the usual intake portion. Various internal validation tests were performed. The MCHS-FFQ, being a food frequency dietary method, does not provide a good estimate of nutrients in foods which are not served in standard portions. such as sodium. The MCHS-FFQ offered a good estimate for potassium and protein intake when compared to estimates derived from a single 24-h urine collection. Finally, the MCHS-FFQ was predictive of plasma cholesterol levels. We conclude that the MCHS-FFQ is adequate for the assessment of individual usual food and nutrient intakes in a representative sample of adult Melbourne Chinese. For foods that are not served in a standard portion or quantifiable addition, an alternative more reliable method would be required for quantitative purposes. The method is. however, likely to be useful for the appraisal of overall food patterns in Chinese populations.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):211-223.doi:
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Colostrum avoidance and early infant feeding in Asian societies
Author:Dixon G
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Abstract:A review of the literature on childbirth and early infant feeding in Asian societies indicates that the avoidance of colostrum and the introduction of other foods at a very early age are both widespread and persistent. These traditional attitudes should be recognized where there are attempts to reduce infant mortality and morbidity. Further research into these practices is suggested.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):225-229.doi:
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Trends in the development of Thailand's nutrition and health plans and programs
Author:Kraisid Tontsirin, Yongyout Kachondam, Pattanee Wi
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Abstract:Thailand's achievements in health and social development, since its First National Economic Development Plan (1961) and those of its National Food and Nutrition Plans beginning in the Fourth National Economic and Social Development Plan (1977), have received worldwide acclaim. During the last decade the nation has experienced dramatic results in reducing protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), including the virtual eradication of severe PEM. Children and adults alike have better access to health care services, preventive and curative, during the past decade as Thailand's poverty alleviation, primary health care and quality of life approaches have reached out into even the remotest of rural villages. This paper explores the reasons behind this successful effort with special reference to how Thailand integrated nutrition plans into national health and rural development policies and programs.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):231-238.doi:
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Iron fortified salt distribution through integrated child development services in Orissa - an assessment
Author:Rameshwar Sarma KV, Brahmam GN, Reddy CG, Ravindra
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Abstract:The present study was undertaken in two backward districts namely Phulbani and Sundargarh, of Orissa State, India, to study operational aspects of the distribution programme of iron fortified salt (IFS), and the extent of any overlap with the ongoing National Nutritional Anaemia Control Programme (NNACP) and possible toxic effects thereof. All IFS samples tested showed iron levels in the range of 800-1000 mg of elemental iron per I kg of iron fortified salt. Distribution of IFS to households was irregular and only 40% of the households had stocks of IFS at the time of home visits. None of the households using IFS reported any kind of adverse effects. Prevalence of anaemia (blood haemoglobin level of less than 11 g/dl) was highest among pregnant women (90.9%) followed by lactating women (88.7%), school aged children (84.4%) and preschool children (77.9%) respectively. Folifer tablets are being distributed to pregnant, lactating women and preschool children. Adult tablets contain 60 mg of elemental iron in the form of ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) and 500 m g of folic acid. Tablets distributed to children contain 20 mg of elemental iron and 100 m g of folic acid. Enquires regarding distribution of folifer tablets showed that 71% of pregnant women, 22% of lactating women and 22% of children received the folifer tablets at sometime or other and no toxic effects were reported. These results indicate the necessity for some modifications in existing strategies for distribution of IFS in order that it be effective in the prevention of widespread anaemia.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):239-243.doi:
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The effectiveness of 50% lactose-reduced milk in alleviating milk intolerance
Author:Miller JB, Munro V.
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Abstract:The level of lactose reduction in milk necessary to alleviate the signs and symptoms of lactose intolerance has received little study. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 50% lactose-reduction in milk is adequate to alleviate the signs and symptoms of lactose maldigestion. even when large amounts of milk are consumed. Seven healthy subjects with proven lactose maldigestion consumed graded doses of whole cow's milk and 50% lactose reduced (LR) whole milk to determine the amount which could be consumed before breath hydrogen rose >20 ppm. This threshold was exceeded on average with 500 ml of 50% LR milk and 200 ml of whole milk. Whole milk produced significantly more breath hydrogen (P<0.05) and maldigestion symptoms (P<0.05) at all levels than the 50% LR milk. These results suggest that milk with as little as 50% lactose reduction can play a major role in the diet of individuals with lactase deficiency.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):245-248.doi:
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Localized myopathy in a young man with abetalipoproteinaemia-myocardial infarction?
Author:Levinson MR, Higginbotham MB, Quarfordt SH
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Abstract:Myocardial infarction has not previously been reported as a complication of abetalipoproteinaemia (ABL) We describe a case of probable asymptomatic myocardial infarction in a 24-year-old male with ABL and no previous cardiac history . Electrocardiographic and imaging evidence of the injury is presented.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):249-251.doi:
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Book Review: Protein energy malnutrition
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Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1992;1(4):253-254.doi:
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