Nutrition Foundations in the Asia Pacific Region
Author:MARK L WAHLQVIST
Keywords:
Abstract:
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):203.doi:
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The future for the Australian Nutrition Foundation: A survey assessing members' nutrition information needs
Author:Beaumont-Smith NE, Wahlqvist ML
Keywords:Nutrition foundations, management, nutrition education, nutrition information, consumers, health-care professionals, doctors, dietitians, performance indicators
Abstract:The Australian Nutrition Foundation (ANF) conducted a survey of members which investigated their nutrition information needs together with their preferred communication formats, considering the technological advances in informatics. The survey was completed by 103 respondents with a large proportion of health professionals represented. It was found that members were quite satisfied with the performance of the ANF in critical areas like nutrition updates, but less satisfied with the ANF's response to topical nutrition issues in the media. Health professionals used the ANF as a source of nutrition information significantly less often than other occupation categories like teachers and the general public. Strategies were presented which could help the ANF management provide an improved service to the health professionals, a sector which is considered to be very important by the ANF. Print and electronic communication formats were those most preferred by the respondents for their nutrition information needs. Implications for the future directions of the ANF are discussed.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):204-208.doi:
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A simple and quick method to evaluate the influence of food price policy on population-based nutrition status and related nutrition intervention
Author:Yang X, Tian H
Keywords:Food price policy, nutrition status, linear programming
Abstract:Food price policies have a major influence on population food choice and nutritional status, especially for low-income families. Therefore, simple and quick methods to evaluate their influence is desirable. Consistent with nutritional rationality and economical feasibility, a mathematical model was developed by Linear Programming to appraise the influence and rationality of the subsidization of egg and pork in Tianjin, using the data about food varieties and their prices in Tianjin in 1990. It was found that food subsidism to influence choice was not rational for improvement in nutritional status of low-income families. The concept, of "food choice space" was developed and its implications for nutrition intervention explored. The model developed can be used to judge the nutritional effect of food price policies and provide baseline data for nutrition intervention.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):209-210.doi:
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Body composition and disease: is there anything new to be learned?
Author:Solomons NW, Mazariegos M
Keywords:body composition, ethnicity, pathology, fat tissue, lean tissue, nuclear magnetic resonance, bioelectrical impedance analysis, EDXA, neutron activation analysis
Abstract:The observation that disease has an effect on the tissues of the human body is as old as medicine, itself, and was not lost on preliterate and pre-technological societies. Primary changes in the amount, proportions or quality of total body mass, specific organs and specific tissues constitute pathologies; conversely, changes in body composition secondary to and conditioned by diseases are myriad. The classification of most of the associations has been roughly addressed. Nutritional and dietetic therapeutics allows us to intervene to change proportions of fat and lean, while surgery provides some leverage to modify and reconstruct organs and appendages and also to remove excess fat. With respect to these secondary changes due to illness, however, one must determine whether they are generally detrimental or adaptive/accommodative before deciding to intervene. In the context of diet, body composition and ethnicity, ethnic groups differ with respect to their susceptibility to certain diseases and to the severity of their expression. Moreover, differences among different races in body composition are being documented systematically. The future holds in store the ability to analyse the molecular and chemical composition of the body. And we shall be able to focus not merely at the whole-body level, but at regional, segmental and even cellular loci. What must be kept in perspective is ensuring accessibility of the emerging technology to developing nations, as that is where the greatest diversity of both pathology and ethnicity is to be found.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):211-216.doi:
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Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance for the prediction of body water compartments: validation in different ethnic groups
Author:Deurenberg P, Tagliabue A, Wang J, Wolde-Gebriel Z
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Abstract:Body weight, body height and impedance at 1 kHz and at 100 kHz were measured in the fasting state in groups of healthy adult males and females from Ethiopia, China, Italy and The Netherlands. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were determined by deuterium oxide and bromide dilution respectively. TBW/height and ECW/height were calculated as a measure of body build. The relation between TBW and ECW as measured by dilution technique and impedance index (height2/impedance) at 100 kHz and 1 kHz respectively was not different between the four populations. When a prediction formula for TBW and ECW from impedance index, developed in another (Dutch) population was applied to the four country groups, TBW was slightly overestimated, varying from 0.1 ± 1.8kg in the Italian group to 0.6 ± 1.8kg in the Dutch group. Also ECW was slightly but significantly overestimated, varying from 0.3 ± 0.9kg in the Dutch group to 1.1 ± 0.9kg in the Italian group. The bias for TBW was correlated with TBW/height in all country groups (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.33 to 0.56, all p<0.05) and the bias for ECW was correlated with ECW/height in all country groups (correlation coefficients ranging from 0.52 to 0.63, all p<0.05) except in the Ethiopians (r=0.23, p<0.1). Moreover, the bias for TBW and ECW was, in two of the four country groups, correlated with body water distribution (ECW/TBW). When the differences between measur 1000 ed and predicted TBW and ECW were corrected for differences in TBW/height and ECW/height and for differences in body water distribution, the bias significantly decreased and was not different from zero any more. It is concluded that multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance is an appropriate technique to predict body water compartments in populations. Difference between (ethnic) groups can be partly attributed to differences in body build.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):217-221.doi:
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Body composition and physical activity patterns of Indonesian elderly with low body mass index
Author:Iswarawanti DN, Schultink W, Rumawas JS, Lukito W
Keywords:Body composition, elderly, physical activity, body mass index, Indonesia, bioelectrical impedance, chronic energy deficiency, ethnicity
Abstract:Body composition and physical activity of institutionalised elderly were studied. Forty elderly subjects were divided into two groups according to their body mass index (BMI). One group (n=20) had BMI < 17 kg/m2 (low BMI) and was defined as having chronic energy deficiency (CED), and the other group (n=20) had BMI values between 22.0 to 25.0 kg/m2 (BMIs generally regarded as healthy). Body composition was measured using skinfold thicknesses and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The Durnin and Womersley1 equation was used to estimate fat mass (FM) from the sum of four skinfold thicknesses, namely biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac. With BIA, two formulae were adopted to calculate fat free mass (FFM); they were the Lukaski2 and Deurenberg3 equations. These three formulae were compared. The physical activity level (PAL) was estimated on the basis of recorded daily physical activity patterns, and calculation of energy expenditure was based on a report by FAO/WHO/UNU4. Skinfold assessment provided the highest value for FM estimation, and BIA using Deurenberg's3 equation (BIA-H) gave the lowest value. The average of FM obtained by the three methods in elderly with low and normal BMI were 4.9 ± 2.5 kg and 16.7 ± 3.2 kg, respectively. The discrepancy between Lukaski2 and Deurenberg3 equations was less as FM increased. The elderly with low BMIs had very low fat mass. Nevertheless, thin elderly had the same level of physical activity (1.3 x BMR) as those with apparently healthy BMIs. The BMI cut off point to define CED was not sensitive enough to detect any physical consequences of low BMI in Indonesian elderly as this may reflect PALs which are overall very low. Comparable investigation of non-institutionalised elderly is needed. This study is the first to assess the functional significance of BMI in Southeast Asian elderly.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):222-225.doi:
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Body composition of different ethnic groups in South Africa
Author:Benadé AJ, Oelofse A, Faber M
Keywords:Body composition, ethnicity, South Africa, overweight, obesity, children, adults
Abstract:South Africa is in a state of nutrition transition. As with other societies this is reflected in the emergence of overfatness, sometimes in conjunction with protein malnutrition. These phenomena may be expressed differently in a multi-ethnic society like South Africa with its major ethnic groups (Blacks, Whites, Coloureds and Indians) having varied socio-economic status. National population-based studies of coronary risk factors between 1979 and 1991 have been accessed for anthropometric data as weight and height. Cut-off points for overweight have been applied, to children to age 10 as weight-for-height greater than two Z scores by NCHS reference standards, and to those older than 15 and up to 64 years of age, BMI >= 25 and < 30, and obese >= 30 kg/m2. Data have been stratified by ethnicity, age, gender and place of residence (urban or rural) Urban Black children seem already to have a problem of overweight with a prevalence of 6-18%. For men, urban Whites have the highest prevalence of both overweight (50% in the 45-54 age group) and obesity (20% in the 55-64 age group) in all age groups except the 55-64 age groups for obesity, where Blacks have the higher prevalence (about 29%). Interestingly, the prevalence of overweight in rural women overall (39-52%) exceeds that for urban women (23-31%), although this is not the case for obesity, (prevalence age 25 and beyond, rural 24-39% and urban, 25-60%) where, indeed, in the 45-54 and 55-64 age groups, the urban prevalence exceeds the rural. This raises questions about the factors which reduce or facilitate the transition from overweight to obesity. Urban Black women seem at particular risk of this overweight-to-obesity shift and are known to have a very energy-dense diet. The extent to which overfatness contributes to other coronary risk factors is worth further investigation, given this appears to be less for Blacks than other ethnic groups.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):226-228.doi:
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A dietary survey of the Chinese population in urban and rural areas of Tianjin
Author:Tian HG, Nan Y, Hu G, Dong QN, Yang XL
Keywords:Dietary survey, food and nutrient intakes, TianJin, China, rural, urban
Abstract:Objectives: A survey was carried out to assess the food pattern and of nutrient intakes of 15-64 year old Chinese in Tianjin. Design: The survey was randomised and the diet assessed by weighing household food items and by individual food records over 3 consecutive days. Setting: The survey was carried out in Tianjin; the third largest city in China (population about 8 million). Subjects: A random stratified multi-level cluster sampling technique was used. Of the 5233 eligible subjects, 207 dropped out, and the response rate was 96%. Results: Distinct differences in dietary patterns and nutrient intakes were found between subjects living in urban and rural areas. The diet of urban people was richer in fat and high quality protein compared with that of rural people. Energy intake from fat was about 31% in the urban diet and about 21% in the rural diet. Low intakes of vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium and zinc were found in both areas, with the situation being worse in the rural areas. Sodium intake was found to be high in both areas. Cholesterol intake was much higher among urban people. Conclusion: The present survey revealed that the intake of some nutrients was lower than recommended and that total sodium intake was very high in Tianjin. An integrated nutrition intervention program would appear necessary for such a population.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):229-232.doi:
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Cardiovascular disease risk profile in adult Chinese living in north Jakarta, Indonesia (with emphasis on coronary heart disease)
Author:Kapantow NH, Rumawas JS, Schultink WJ, Hsu-Hage B,
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Abstract:A cross sectional study of cardiovascular disease risk profile, with emphasis on coronary heart disease, was carried out in North Jakarta, Indonesia. One hundred and six ethnic Chinese (47 men and 59 women) aged 25 years and over were recruited. There were high prevalences of overweight /obesity and hypertension, especially in men (32.6% and 48.8%, respectively). Current smokers were 12.2% of men and 3.9% of women. Hyperlipidaemia prevalence was 14.6% of men and 9.6% of women. Mean values of body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and blood pressure were significantly higher in men than in women. Body fatness and blood pressure in women significantly increased with age. In women, plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were associated with BMI, while triglyceride was associated with WHR. The study showed a high prevalence of CVD risk particularly in men, consistent with an unhealthy lifestyle. In this report, men were more likely to smoke and had poorer attitudes to health than did women.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):233-238.doi:
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Glycaemic and insulin responses of diabetic patients to traditional Malaysian meals and the effect of guar gum
Author:Khalid BA, Lee LF, Samad AH, Ng ML
Keywords:Diabetes, nutrition, breakfast, Malaysian, guar gum, glycaemic index, insulin, sugar
Abstract:The aims of the project were to determine the glycaemic and insulin responses of non-insulin dependent diabetic patients (NIDDM) to 3 traditional Malaysian meals compared to oral glucose, and to determine whether guar gum would affect these responses. Patients with NIDDM were tested with 75 g oral glucose and three common breakfast meals of the three main ethnic groups of Malaysia. When compared with the oral glucose group, significantly by lower blood glucose responses were seen at 90 and 120 minutes post prandial for nasi lemak (p<0.05) and at 60, 75 and 90 minutes for mee sup (p<0.05). No significant difference was seen for roti telur. There was no significant difference in plasma glucose at any time point of the study when the three test meals were compared with each other. Addition of 5g granulated guar gum mixed with water taken prior to the glucose significantly lowered the plasma glucose at 60, 120 and 150 minutes postprandially (p<0.05). Similarly for the test meals, guar gum significantly lowered plasma glucose concentration between 15 and 45 minutes (p<0.03) postprandial for nasi lemak and between 15 and 30 minutes (p<0.03) for mee sup but not with roti telur. With addition of guar gum, there was no significant change of insulin responses with the three meals but a significant increase was seen at 30 minutes (p<0.02) after ingestion of glucose.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):239-243.doi:
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Serum lipids, lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity in rats on long-term feeding with coconut oil or butterfat (ghee)
Author:Soelaiman IN, Merican Z, Mohamed J, Kadir KB
Keywords:coconut oil, butter fat, ghee, serum lipids, lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase, rats
Abstract:We determined the relative atherogenicity of two saturated fats by studying their effects on lipid peroxidation (LP), by way of malonaldehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (CD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity in serum, liver and heart; and on serum lipid profile after 4 months and 9 months of feeding. Male Rattus norwegicus rats were fed a basal diet (control) or basal diet fortified with 20% weight/weight butterfat (ghee) (BF) or coconut oil (CO). Serum high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-chol) and HDL-chol:LDL-chol ratio was lower in the BF group compared to CO after both feeding periods. Conjugated dienes (CDs) were higher in the serum and liver after 4 months, and heart after 9 months, of the rats fed BF compared to CO. Serum low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-chol) was higher, but CD were lower at 9 months than at 4 months feeding for all three groups. Liver and heart MDA and CD were higher in both groups after 9 months compared to 4 months. Liver GSHPx activity was higher after 9 months compared to 4 months in the BF group. Heart GSHPx activity was lower after 9 months compared to 4 months for both BF and CO groups. In conclusion, BF is potentially more atherogenic than CO in terms of serum lipids and LP. The unfavourable responses in serum lipids, with the exception of triglycerides, and LP were exaggerated with the longer duration of feeding with both oils.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):244-248.doi:
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Hypolipidaemic foods in China
Author:Gu J
Keywords:Traditional foods, hypolipidaemic, China, cereals, dietary fibre, beans, edible oils, fungi, algae, vegetables, fruit, tea, chromium, iodine
Abstract:With the changes in dietary pattern in China, in recent years, hyperlipidaemia has become an important problem in the pathogenesis of chronic degenerative diseases, especially the cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases. From studies on laboratory animals and people with hyperlipidaemia, a number of hypolipidaemic foods and beverages have been identified, of relevance to traditional Chinese food culture. Their absence from the diet may, in part account for the increasing prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in China. The several groups of foods used in China with hypolipidaemic effects include: •Cereals: oats, naked oats (Avena stiva L. var. nuda Mordv.), millet, buckwheat, wheat germ, maize germ. •Beans: soybean, kidney bean, hyacinth bean, red bean, mung bean, broad bean, pea, Phaseolus L., soy dregs. •Aquatic: prawn, Greater croaker, Crucian carp, squid, mussel, scallop, Silvery pomfret. •Fungi and algae: mushroom, algin, kelp, laver (Porphyra yezoensis Veda), (Enteromorpha prolifera), (Auricularia polytricha). •Vegetables: garlic, celery, onion, spring onion, chives, pepper. •Nuts and fruits: peanut seed, walnut seed. Splinar pear (Rosa voxburghi Tratt), kiwifruit (Achinida chinensis planch). •Oil: soybean oil, rice bran oil, tea seed oil, rubber seed oil, grape seed oil. fish oil, soybean phospholipid. •Others: tea, brown sugar, Cr-enriched yeast, iodine-enriched eggs. The present enquiry into a range of factors in food which may influence lipoprotein metabolism encouraging new ways of thinking about the pathogenesis, prevention and management of lipid disorders and their sequelae.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):249-253.doi:
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5th International Symposium on Clinical Nutrition
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Abstract:see pdf file.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1996;5(4):254-275.doi:
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