A review of the evidence: nuts and body weight
Author:Sharon Natoli BND, BScand Penelope McCoy BHSc
Keywords:nuts, body weight, body mass index, weight loss, diabetes mellitus, Type 2
Abstract:There is currently no single dietary or lifestyle intervention that is effective in long-term weight loss. Traditional
weight loss diets tend to be low in total fat and therefore often restrict nut consumption. However, nuts are an
important source of many vitamins, minerals, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. This paper reviewed all the available evidence from the literature in relation to nut consumption and body weight. The findings show that the role of nut consumption in body weight management is varied. Nuts, when included as part of
an energy-controlled diet, were found in some instances toassist with weight loss. However, when nuts were
added to an existing diet without controlling for energy intake, body weight increased, although to a lesser extent
than theoretically predicted. There is limited evidence on the effect nut consumption has on type 2 diabetes, although available evidence indicates that nuts as part of a healthy diet do not cause weight gain and can have a
positive influence on the fatty acid profile of a person with diabetes. This review shows there is a lack of evidence to support the restriction of nut consumption in weight management, indicating that further research is
needed to assess the role of nuts in weight management.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):588-597.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
The lactase gene -13910T allele can not predict the lactase-persistence phenotype in north China
Author:Hai-ming Sun MD, Yuan-dong Qiao MD, Feng Chen MD ,
Keywords: lactase, lactose intolerance, China,population, polymorphism, single nucleotide
Abstract:The frequency of lactase persistence varies widely in human populations. Study showed that the T allele of a C/T
transition 13910bp upstream from exon 1 of lactase gene (LCT) was completely associated with lactase persistence in a Finnish population. To evaluate if the frequency of -13910T allelewas in concordance with the lactase
persistence in northern Chinese populations, in this study, we used Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction
Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to detect the lactase -13910T allelic frequency in 5 northern
Chinese populations for the first time. Results showed that the T allele frequency was low in these populations
and that it did not match the lactase persistence phenotype in these populations. Therefore the -13910T allelic
frequency can not serve as a predictor of the lactase persistence in these populations and this suggests the existence of other possible mechanisms of lactose tolerance inChinese populations.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):598-601.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Alterations of atherogenic low-density lipoproteins and serum fatty acids after 12 week moderate exercise training in sedentary Thai women
Author:Raveenan Sittiwicheanwong MSc, Tipayanate Ariyapit
Keywords:small dense low-density lipoprotein, moderate exercise, sedentary women, cardiovascular disease, serum fatty acid
Abstract:The potential benefit of aerobic exercise upon cardiovascular disease (CVD) through an increasing high-density
lipoproteins (HDLs) is acknowledged. However, its effects on low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and their subpopulations, are unknown in Thailand. Twenty sedentary Thai women undertook a 12-week exercise training
program (60% heart rate reserve) comprising 25-minute cycling followed by 10-minute warm-up/cool-down 3
times a week with a group of 20 matched sedentary subjects as control. Triacylglycerols(TGs) and cholesterol
(C) of plasma lipoproteins including triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), large, buoyant LDL (lb-LDL),
small, dense LDL (sd-LDL) and HDLs were analyzed while serum fatty acid profiles were also assessed. It was
found that plasma TGs, TRL-TGs, sd-LDL-C and sd-LDL-C/lb-LDL-C (S/L) ratio decreased significantly after
12-weeks of exercise to -9%, -8%, -17% and -19% respectively from baseline (p<0.05). Serum fatty acid profiles
remained unchanged. No alteration of any parameters was found in the control group without exercise. These
findings suggest that moderate exercisetraining, even without a change of HDLs, impedes the shift of lb-LDL to
more atherogenic sd-LDL, thus possibly preventing cardiovascular disease inhealthy, sedentary Thai women.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):602-608.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Effect of purple sweet potato leaves consumption on the modulation of the immune response in basketball players during the training period
Author:Wen-Hsin Chang MSc, Chiao-Ming Chen MSc , Shene-Pi
Keywords:purple sweet potato leaves, polyphenols, basketball, training, immune response
Abstract:The aim of this study was toevaluate the effect of the consumption of purple sweet potato leaves (PSPLs) on the
immune response and the modulation of that response in 15 basketball players during a training period. They
completed the 7-week study consisted of a run-in period (week 1), a PSPLs diet (200 g PSPLs/d; weeks 2, 3), a
washout period (weeks 4, 5), and a control diet (low polyphenols content and carotenoid content adjusted to the
same level as that of PSPLs diet; weeks 6 and 7). Blood, urine, and saliva samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The results showed that the plasma polyphenols concentration increased significantly in the PSPLs
period. Compared with the control period, the PSPLs consumption produced a significant increase in the proliferation responsiveness of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), cytotoxic activity of nature killer (NK)
cells, and secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ. However, no significant increase in the secretion of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA), interleukin (IL)-2, or interleukin-4 was observed after PSPLs consumption. In conclusion,
consumption of a PSPLs diet for 2 weeks can modulate the immune response of basketball players during a
training period.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):609-615.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Fruits and stir-fried vegetables increase plasma carotenoids in young adults
Author:Yu-Ju Lin MD, Yi-Wen Chien PhD, Shwu-Huey Yang PhD
Keywords:fruits, stir-fried vegetables, β-carotene β-crytoxanthin, lycopene, young adults
Abstract:We examined the plasma levels of carotenoids in young adults after a dietary intervention composed of increased
intakes of fruits and stir-fried vegetables from a Taiwanese mixed diet. Thirty-four apparently healthy, nonsmoking subjects who normally ingested less than two and a half servings of fruits and vegetables daily were selected for the study. Meals changed were lunch and dinner on weekdays for a period of 4 weeks. The test meal
consisted of three servings of stir-fried vegetables and two servings of fresh fruits. Plasma carotenoid levels in
subjects significantly increased from 19%-32% for β-carotene, 15%-47% for lycopene and 59%-88% for β-crytoxanthin (p< 0.05) from week 1 to 4. However, these concentrations of β-carotene and lycopene significantly decreased after stopping the consumption of the test meals. This study reveals the importance of a continuous consumption of carotenoid rich foods in order to maintain high levels of plasma carotenoids for the potential prevention of chronic diseases in individuals.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):616-623.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Dietary plant sterols supplementation does not alter lipoprotein kinetics in men with the metabolic syndrome
Author:Esther MM Ooi BSc, Gerald F Watts DSc MD PhD, P Hu
Keywords:plant sterols, lipoprotein kinetics, dyslipidemia, cholesterol absorption, metabolic syndrome
Abstract:Dietary plant sterols supplementation has been demonstrated in some studiesto lower plasma total and LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects. The cholesterol lowering action of plant sterols remains to be investigated in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. In a randomized, crossover study of 2 x 4 week therapeutic periods with oral supplementation of plant sterols (2 g/day) or placebo, and two weeks placebo wash-out between
therapeutic periods, we investigated the effects of dietary plant sterols on lipoprotein metabolism in nine men
with the metabolic syndrome. Lipoprotein kinetics were measured using [D3
]-leucine, gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry and compartmental modeling. In men with the metabolic syndrome, dietary plant sterols did not
have a significant effect on plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) B, apoA-I or apoA-II. There were no significant changes to VLDL-, IDL-, LDLapoB or apoA-I fractional catabolic rates and production rates between therapeutic phases. Relative to placebo,
plasma campesterol, a marker of cholesterol absorption was significantly increased (2.53 ±0.35 vs. 4.64 ±0.59
μg/ml, p<0.05), but there was no change in plasma lathosterol, a marker of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. In
conclusion, supplementation with plant sterols did not appreciably influence plasmalipid or lipoprotein metabolism in men with the metabolic syndrome.Future studies with larger sample size, stratification to low and high
cholesterol absorbers and cholesterol balance studies are warranted.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):624-631.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Desirable intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Indonesian adults
Author:Asikin HanafiahMSc MD, Darwin Karyadi MD PhD, Widj
Keywords:Omega–3 fatty acids, chronic disease, dietary patterns, Okinawan Round Table on Nutrition and CVD, coconut, fish, tofu, tempeh
Abstract:A Indonesian Advisory Group on Fatty Acid Nutrition and Health was established in 2004 to consider the
increasing incidence of nutritionally-related cardiovascular disease in Indonesia. Emerging international
recommendations often focused on dietary fat and may not have been relevant to the national situation. Traditional dietary patterns were apparentlyprotective against ischaemic heart disease often with fat derived dominantly from a particular source like coconut, soy, peanut or fish. These fatswere used in ways which promoted
the use of potentially cardioprotecive foods like legumes, vegetables, fruits and aquatic food. Optimal intakes of
polyunsaturated fatty acids in Indonesia are likely to reflect both absolute intakes and the relationships between
n–3 and n–6 fatty acids of longer chain lengths. This leaves some issues for active and continuing review, like
the intakes of trans fatty acids, and the regulatory and food labelling implications. Some studies underway and
others which need implementation will enable the Advisory Group to prepare a second report with more basis in
Indonesian evidence. In the meantime, the Advisory Group has recommended that the AHA (American Heart
Association) and ISSFAL (International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids) recommendations obtain until the end of 2007.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):632-640.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Comparison of body compositional indices assessed by underwater weighing, bioelectrical impedance and anthropometry in Indonesian adolescent girls
Author:Ratih I.IsjwaraMD MSc, Widjaja.Lukito MD PhD and
Keywords:body fat, skinfolds, underwater weighing, bioelectrical impedance, anthropometry, Jakarta, Schools, menarche
Abstract:Objective:to investigate the accuracy of bioelectric impedance analysis and anthropometry to assess percentage
body fat (BF %) against underwater weighing (UW). Design and Methods:a cross sectional study, 102 girls,
aged 11-15, were recruited from two Junior High Schools in Jakarta.Measurements: measurements of percentage body fat (BF%) using underwater weighing (UW), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), Tanita BIA, body
mass index (BMI) and skinfold equations. Results:Correlation between different methods was significant (p<
0.001).The mean difference of BF % from BIA, Tanita, BMI and skinfold compared to UW were 1.87+3.14, -3.46+3.28, 1.57+2.90 and -0.360+3.09, respectively. Assessments betweenUW and other methods were significantly different (p< 0.0001) except for skinfolds (p= 0.3031). Conclusion:The results between UW and other
methods was significantly different, except for skinfolds. There was overestimation and underestimation of BF%.
The agreement between skinfold measurement and underwater weighing was also influenced by menarche status.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):641-648.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Percent body fat cutoff values for classifying overweight and obesity recommended by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) in Korean children
Author:Kayoung Lee MD, PhD, Sangyeoup Lee MD, PhD, Su Yun
Keywords:IOTF, Korean children, obesity, overweight, percent body fat
Abstract:Objective: To predict the percent body fat (%BF) cutoff values corresponding to overweight and obesity recommended by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) in Korean children and to compare those values with
the published cutoff values in Caucasian children. Research methods and procedures: The sample consisted
of 1083 Korean children and adolescents (555 boys and 528 girls) aged 7-18 years from 3 schools. Body mass
index (BMI) and %BF using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer were measured. The classification of overweight
and obesity was based on the age- and sex-specific BMI cutoff values of the IOTF guidelines. Results:The predicted %BF cutoff values for overweight and obesity varied by age and sex: overweight, 17-22% in boys and 24-37% in girls; obesity, 24-30% in boys and 30-53% in girls. Those %BF cutoff values in older Korean boys
tended to be lower than the published %BF cutoff values in Caucasian boys. While %BF cutoff values for overweight in Korean girls were similar to the values in Caucasian girls, %BF cutoff values for obesity in Korean
girls aged 13~18 years were higher compared to cutoff values in Caucasian girls. Conclusion:The %BF values
associated with the IOTF-recommended BMI cutoff values for overweight and obesity may require age- and sexspecific cutoff values in Korean children aged 7-18 years.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):649-655.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Population-specific anthropometric cut-points improve the functionality of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) in elderly Taiwanese
Author:Alan Chung-Hong Tsai PhD, Ching-Sung Ho PhD and Mi
Keywords:Mini Nutritional Assessment, elderly, BMI, calf circumference, Taiwan
Abstract:The objective of this study was to determine the population-specific cut-points of body mass index (BMI), midarm circumference (MAC) and calf circumference (CC) for identifying subnormal nutritional status in elderly
Taiwanese, and to evaluate the possibility of improving the functionality of the Mini Nutritional Assessment
(MNA) by adopting these cut-points. This study analyzed data from 1583 men and 1307 women, 65 years or
older, of a national survey. The survey involved in-home, face-to-face, interviewsand anthropometric measurements. Results showed that based on the cumulative percentile curves, the fifth percentile values were: BMI, 17
kg/m
2
for both men and women; MAC, 22.5 cm for men and 21 cm for women; and CC, 28 cm for men and 25
cm for women. Substitution of these population-specific cut-points for respective values in the MNA screen resulted in lowered proportions of elderly classified malnourished orat risk of malnutrition. The prevalence of
malnutrition was reduced from 1.7% to 1.4% in men and from 2.4% to 1.5% in women. The proportions classified at risk of malnutrition were reduced from 10.1% to8.9% for men and 16.8% to 12.8% for women. In conclusion, results suggest that the MNA is a valuable tool for geriatric nutritional risk assessment. However, in
populations where significant differences exist in anthropometric measurements from the Caucasian populations,
population-specific cut-points should be used.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):656-662.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Body fatness, physical activity, and nutritional behaviours in Asian Indian immigrants to New Zealand
Author:Gregory S Kolt PhD, Grant M Schofield PhD, Elaine
Keywords:obesity, body mass index, physical activity, Asians, nutrition
Abstract:Body fatness, physical activity, and nutritional behaviours were assessed in 112 (50 male, 62 female) Asian Indians living in New Zealand. Participants were aged 44-91 years (mean 67.5 ± 7.6) and had lived in New Zealand on average 51 months. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured to determine body mass index (BMI) and central adiposity. Bioelectrical impedance was used to derive fat free mass, fat mass, and percentage body fat. Pedometers were worn to record daily steps taken over each of seven consecutive days. A lifestyle and health questionnaire was administered to collect information on nutrition behaviours. Average BMI for
the sample was 27.2 ± 4.7 kg/m
2
with females (28.0 ± 5.4 kg/m
2
) significantly higher than males (25.6 ± 5.4
kg/m
2
). Using Asian Indian specific cut-offs 69% of the sample was obese (BMI≥25 kg/m
2
) and a further 13.7%
overweight (23≥BMI<25 kg/m
2
). Average percentage body fat for the sample was 41.1 ± 9.1 with females significantly higher than males. The majority (74%) reported some form of chronic condition, with 35% diagnosed
with diabetes. Physical activity levels for the sample were low (5,977 ± 3,560 steps/day) and significantly different between males (6,982 ± 4,426) and females (5,159 ± 2,401). Higher pedometer steps were associated with
lower waist circumference. After adjustment for age, physical activity was lower, but nutritional habits better for
those who had spent a longer time in New Zealand. In summary, Asian Indian immigrants to New Zealand have
low physical activity levels and high levels of overweight/obesity and lifestyle disease.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):663-670.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Reduction of abdominal fat and chronic disease factors by lifestyle change in migrant Asian Indians older than 50 years
Author:Elaine C Rush PhD, Vishnu Chandu MBBS and Lindsay
Keywords:Obesity, diabetes, lifestyle, physical activity, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Abstract:The objective of this study was to assess the impact of a group diet and physical activity intervention on body
composition, blood lipid profile and insulin resistance in migrant Asian Indian volunteers. Total body and abdominal fat, waist girth, serum glucose, insulin and lipids were measured one month before and immediately
prior to an intervention designed to encourage increased physical activity and improved diet. Measurements
were repeated after a 5-month period ofaltered exercise and dietary habits. Over this period monthly group education sessions were held on diet and physical activity and the importance of lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors for chronic disease. Forty one (21M, 20F) volunteers (aged >50 y) were recruited from Asian Indian community groups in urban Auckland, New Zealand. Body weight, total and percentagebody fat, waist girth and
abdominal fat decreased in men following the intervention (p<0.006) while these changes were not statistically
significant in women. In both men and women high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels increased and LDL and total cholesterol/HDL ratio decreased (p<0.002) without changes in serum glucose, insulin and triglycerides. Reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure was associated with an increase in HDL cholesterol in women
(r=0.63, p=0.003, r=0.48, p=0.03) but not in men (r=0.09, p=0.69, r=0.04, p=0.86). Over a five month period, an
Asian Indian community group diet and physical activity intervention resulted in significant reductions in total
and abdominal body fat and blood lipid risk factors but not in insulin sensitivity or resistance.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):671-676.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Obesity and changes in body weight related to 10-year diabetes incidence in women in Taiwan (1993-2003)
Author:Lee-Ching Hwang MD PhD, Chien-Jen Chen PhD and Bon
Keywords: obesity, body mass index, weight change, incidence, type 2 diabetes, Taiwan
Abstract:This study aimed to investigate the relation of obesity and changes in body weight through adulthood with risks
of type 2 diabetes. This study of 954 middle-aged women free of diabetes (mean age, 37.1±9.6 years) was conducted in a hospital. The baseline and biannual healthcheck-ups were performed from 1993 to 2003. The cumulative incidence rate of type 2 diabetes was 3.64 per 1000 person-years during the mean follow-up period of 10
years. 73.3% of subjects who developed type 2 diabeteswere overweight (16.6%) orobese (56.7%). Obese subjects (body mass index more than 25 kg/m
2
) had arelative risk of type 2 diabetes of 10.4 (95% confidence interval 2.95-36.9) comparedwith subjects with an optimal body mass index (18-22.9 kg/m
2
). Long-term weight gain
was stronglyrelated to the risk of type 2 diabetes. Each 1 kg of weight gain was associated with a 16% increase
in risk of developing diabetes. This study indicated thatobesity at young adult and weight gain appreciably increase riskfor type 2 diabetes. Maintaining a lean weight throughoutadulthood seems to bebeneficial in the
primary prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):677-682.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Body weight and weight loss: are health messages reaching their target?
Author:Lynnette J Riddell PhDand Victoria Inman BAppSci (
Keywords:BMI, overweight, obesity, weight loss, chronic disease, public health
Abstract:Objective: To investigate lay peoples’ knowledge of health risks of overweight, accuracy of self-perception of
body weight and perceived benefits of weight loss. Method: A nine item questionnaire was administered to a
cross sectional survey of adults in metropolitan shopping centres, height and weight were measured. Results:
Two hundred and nine (57% female) adults completed the survey. Thirty eight percent had a healthy BMI (18.5-24.9), 38% were overweight (BMI 25-29.9) and a further 22% were obese (BMI>30). However only 46% perceived themselves ‘overweight’, 50% considered themselves ‘just about right’ and 4% considered themselves
‘underweight’. Of those with a BMI of 25 or greater 28% considered their weight ‘just about right’. Over 80%
thought ‘being overweight’ was ‘likely’ or ‘very likely’ to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and stroke; however 20% of overweight orobese individuals did not think their health would improve if they lost weight. Conclusion: A significant proportion of overweight or obese individuals do not accurately perceive their body weight and do not recognise the health advantages of weight loss despite recognising
excess body weight as a risk factor for chronic diseases. Implications: Increasing the awareness of an individual’s BMI and promoting the benefits of modest weight loss maybe two underutilized strategies for population
level weight control.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):683-687.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Assessment of risks of “lifestyle” diseases including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes by anthropometry in remote Australian Aborigines
Author:Michael Gracey MD PhD FRACP FAAP, Valerie Burke MD
Keywords:overweight/obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, anthropometry, BMI, Aborigines, indigenous
Abstract:Objective: To evaluate waist-to-height ratio (WTHR), waist girth and body mass index (BMI) as predictors of
cardiovascular risk factors in Australian Aborigines. Design: Indices were examined aspredictors of mean blood
pressures (BP), blood lipids, glucose, insulin and as predictors of hypertension, decreased HDL-cholesterol, elevated glucose and type 2 diabetes. Setting: Aboriginal communities in remote north-west Australia. Participants: Four hundred and one adults. Results: More than 80% of participants had WTHR ≥0.5 or BMI >22 kg/m
2
and 78% had increased waist girth (>90 cm men; >80 cmwomen). Adverse BP, blood lipids, glucose and insulin
were associated with classification above the cutpoint for each index. For fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/L, sensitivity was 91% with WTHR, 87% with waist girth and 88% with BMI; respective specificities were 29%, 29% and
44%. Area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves gave only “fair” accuracy for any discriminatory variable. With diabetes AUROC for BMI (0.59, 95% CI 0.53, 0.65) was significantly lower than with
other indices (WTHR 0.74, 95% CI 0.69, 0.79; girth 0.72, 95% CI 0.67, 0.78) but did not differ significantly for
fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol or hypertension. AUROC did not differ significantly between men and women
for any outcomes. Conclusions: The indices did not discriminate well for diabetes or cardiovascular risk factors
in these Aborigines, but waist girth or WTHR appeared more useful than BMI. Appropriate cutpoints are needed.
WTHR is simple, does not need sex-specific cutpoints and could be useful in developing public health strategies.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):688-697.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Determinants of plasma homocysteine levels and carotid intima-media thickness in Japanese
Author:Noboru Takamura MD PhD, Yasuyo Abe MD PhD, Mio Nak
Keywords:atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), folate, homocysteine (HCY), Asia
Abstract:Although hyperhomocysteinemia is considered to be a key risk factor for atherosclerosis, especially in Western
countries, its role in the Asian population is still controversial. In this study, we evaluated the determinants of
homocysteine and carotid intima-media thickness, a clinical marker for the detection of atherosclerosis, in Japanese. In 289 Japanese adults (age 37-86 yrs), we screened plasma total homocysteine by high performance liquid
chromatography and evaluated maximum carotid intima-media thickness by ultrasound. Other blood chemistry
values were also measured. Total homocysteine levels were higher in men than in women and increased with age.
In multiple regression analysis, adjusted for age and sex, serum creatinine was a powerful determinant of homocysteine (β=3.3, p<0.01). Maximum carotid intima-media thickness was higher in men than in women and increased with age. When adjusted for age and sex, systolic blood pressure was independently correlated with
maximum carotid intima-media thickness (β=0.001, p<0.01). Our current results support previous findings that
in addition to age and sex, serum creatinine and systolic blood pressure are independent determinants of homocysteine and carotid intima-media thickness, respectively.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):698-703.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
The relationship between maternal physical activity during pregnancy and birth weight
Author:Pratibha Dwarkanath MSc, Sumithra Muthayya PhD, Ma
Keywords:pregnancy, physical activity, low birth weight, nutrition, India
Abstract:Introduction: Earlier studies in India have demonstrated an inverse relationship betweenphysical activity and
birth weight in rural women who had high levels of physical activity related to agricultural and domestic activities. There are no data on urban Indian women from a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds with varying
levels of physical activity. This study assessed the roleof different domains of physical activity during pregnancy and its relation to birth weight. Methods: Data on maternal anthropometry and maternal physical activity
level were collected at the 1st trimester (baseline), the 2nd trimester and the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Birth
weight for 546 live born babies was measured immediately after delivery.Results: The time spent in sedentary
activities (median “cut-off” of 165 min/d) was significantly associated with maternal body weight in the first
trimester of pregnancy (51.2 kg vs. 54.1 kg, p<0.001). Women in the highest tertile of physical activity level in
the 1st trimester were 1.58 times (95% CI: 1.02-2.44) more likely of having a baby in the lowest tertile of birth
weight with reference to the first tertile. This significant association continued after adjustment for maternal
weight and energy intake. Conclusion: The present study shows that physical activity in the first trimester is associated with low birth weight in Indian babies
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):704-710.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Comparisons of a chicken-based formula with soy-based formula in infants with cow milk allergy
Author:Pipop Jirapinyo MD, Narumon Densupsoontorn MD, Ren
Keywords:Chicken-formula, cow milk allergy, soy-formula., Thailand, infants
Abstract:Objective:To determine whether chicken-based formula can replace soy-based formula in infants with cow
milk allergy. Subjects and Methods:Thirty-eight infants with cow’s milk allergy, aged between 2-24 months of
age were randomized to receive either chicken-based formula or soy-based formula for 14 days. Results:In the
group of soy-based formula, 12 out of 18 infants had evidence of intolerance and could not continue with the
formula. However, only 4 out of 20 infants in the chicken-based formula group had evidence of clinical intolerance. All other 16 infants were fed the chicken-based formula with success. The number of infants who were intolerant to chicken formula was significantly lower than the number of those fed soy-based formula (p= 0.009).
Conclusion:Chicken-based formula can be used more effectively than soy-based formula in infants with cow
milk allergy.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):711-715.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Anemia and intestinal parasite infection in school children in rural Vietnam
Author:Huong Thi Le PhD, Inge D Brouwer PhD, Hans Verhoef
Keywords: iron deficiency, anemia, parasite, children, Vietnam
Abstract:Objectives: This study hypothesized that besides iron deficiency, intestinal parasites infection is also a determinant of anemia in schoolchildren in rural Vietnam. Methods: 400 primary schoolchildren from 20 primary
schools in Tam Nong district, a poor rural area in Vietnam, were randomly selected from enrolment lists. Venous
blood (5ml) was collected in a cross sectional study and analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), serum transferrin receptor (TfR), serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and total immunoglobulin E (IgE). Stools samples were examined for hookworm, Trichuris, and Ascarisinfection. Logistic regression was used to assess the
effect of intestinal parasites on anemia. Results: The prevalence of anemia (Hb<115g/L) was 25%. Iron deficiency (TfR >8.5mg/L) occurred in 2% of the children. The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 92% with the
highest prevalence for Trichuris (76%) and Ascaris(71%). More than 30% and 80% of the children showed an
elevated CRP (≥8 mg/L) and IgE (> 90 IU/mL) concentration. Anemia status was borderline significantly associated with SF and not associated with TfR and CRP. The prevalence odds ratio for Trichurisinfection was 1.96
(95%CI 1.07-3.59) and 2.00 (95% CI 1.08-3.65) with iron deficiency reflected by TfR and SF, respectively.
Conclusion: Anemia is highly prevalent among schoolchildren inVietnam but may not be associated with iron
deficiency. Trichurisinfection is associated with a doubled risk of anemia, not mediated through iron deficiency.
Chronic infection may play a role in anemia, but needs further investigation.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):716-723.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Serum iron status in Orang Asli children living in endemic areas of soil-transmitted helminths
Author:U Nor Aini DCP, MS Hesham Al-Mekhlafi MSc, M Azlin
Keywords:iron deficiency anaemia, soil-transmitted helminthiases, protein-energy malnutrition, Orang Asli children, Malaysia
Abstract:We conducted a cross sectional study to examine the association of intestinal parasitic infections and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) with iron-status indicatorsand anaemia among Orang Asli children in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 281 children aged 2 - 15 years were studied. The data were collected using structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis for blood and faecal samples. All children were infected either by A. lumbricoides, T. trichiuraor hookworm and almost 19%, 26% and 3% of the children had severe infection of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection respectively. The prevalence of giardiasis
among them was 24.9%. Overall, 41.5% of the children were anaemic (haemoglobin < 11.0 g/dL). Of these
61.0% of the children had iron deficiency and 36.5% had iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), which accounted for
88.0% of anaemia in this population. Severe trichuriasis had the most significant correlation with anaemia and
iron deficiency in this population. It contributed to low concentrations of haemoglobin, serum iron and serum
ferritin and high total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Significant underweight and stunting were associated with
low concentrations of haemoglobin and serum iron while significant wasting was significantly associated with
low concentration of serum ferritin. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that severe trichuriasis was a strong
predictor of IDA. It also confirmed that children who were significantly underweight and whose mother was
working were independent predictors of IDA in this population.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):724-730.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Investigation of intelligence quotient and psychomotor development in schoolchildrenin areas with different degrees of iodine deficiency
Author:Zhifeng TangMS MD ， Wanyang LiuMS MD, Hongbo YinMS
Keywords: iodine deficiency, schoolchildren, Universal Salt Iodization, intelligence, psychomotor development, Shenyang, Liaoning province, China
Abstract:This investigation aims to observe the intelligence and psychomotor development of the schoolchildren in iodine
deficiency (ID) areas after the adoption of Universal Salt Iodization (USI), and evaluate the effect of the adoption of USI on their intelligence and psychomotor development.564 schoolchildren (306 males and 258 females,
age range from 8 to 13 yrs) from areas with severe, moderate, and mild ID were investigated. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured by Combined Raven’s test, second edition. Psychomotor development was examined by
Jinyi Psychomotor Test Battery (JPB). Wefound that the IQ scores of all subjects in the severe and moderate ID
areas were 102±15.6 and 99.5±16.6 respectively, lower than those in the mild ID areas (108±12.4, p<0.01). The
IQ scores correlated negatively with age (partial r=-0.17; β=-1.95; p<0.0001). The total T scores of JPB of all
subjects in the severe and moderate ID areas were 316±42.3 and 330±47.7 respectively, lower than those in the
mild ID areas (342±48.1, p<0.05). The total T scores of JPB correlated negatively with age (partial r=-0.15; β=-4.94; p=0.0006). We may conclude that after the adoption of USI in the ID areas investigated, USI has probably
made a contribution to the partial recovery of intelligence and psychomotor development injured by ID in
schoolchildren, and should be strengthened.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):731-737.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Food intake patterns among Australian adolescents
Author:Gayle S Savige PhD, Kylie Ball PhD, Anthony Worsle
Keywords:adolescent, diet, food intake, nutrition, rural, urban, Australia
Abstract:Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the food intake patterns of adolescents with respect to the Australian
Guide to Healthy Eating, and to examine variations in food intake patterns by age, gender and region of residence. Design: Cross-sectional online food survey administered through schools. Participants and setting: In
2004-2005, 3841 secondary students in years seven (12-13 years) and nine (14-15 years) drawn from 37 secondary schools in Victoria, Australia completed an online food intake patterns survey. Outcome measures: Food
intake was measured by a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and categorized according to the five basic
food groups (fruit, vegetables, meat, dairy, cereal) and the ‘extra’ food group as defined by the Australian Guide
to Healthy Eating (AGHE). The foods groups were examined in the study population and compared across age,
gender and region. Results: Many adolescents in this sample reported food intakes that deviated substantially
from recommendations of the AGHE. For example, two-thirdsof participants failed to consume foods from the
five recommended food groups daily; over a third reported eating fruit ‘rarely or never’; and 22% reported eating
fast foods every day. Food intakes were generally morein line with dietary guidelines among girls than boys.
Regional differences were less consistent, and there were few differences by age. Conclusion: A significant
proportion of adolescents have food intakes that fall short of the recommendations outlined in the Australian
Guide to Healthy Eating. This highlights the need for publichealth initiatives to promote healthier food intake
patterns among adolescents.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):738-747.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Adolescent home food environments and socioeconomic position
Author:Abbie MacFarlane PhD, David Crawford PhD, Kylie Ba
Keywords:social class, adolescents, food habits, nutrition, Australia
Abstract:Many adolescents have diets that are less than optimal, particularly adolescents of low socioeconomic position
(SEP). The determinants of SEP differences in adolescent dietary intake are poorly understood. This study examined the home food environments of adolescents and specifically investigated whether low SEP adolescents have
less supportive home meal environments, fewer eating rules and poorer home availability of fruit and vegetables
than adolescents of high SEP. A cross-sectional, self-reported survey was administered to 3,264 adolescents in
years 7 and 9, from 37 secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. Adolescent perceptionsof the home meal environment, eating rules and home food availability were described and compared across SEP, which was measured
using maternal education. Maternal education was linked to various aspects of the home meal environment, as
well as home food availability, but not to eating rules. Low SEP adolescents were more likely to report that they
were always allowed to watch television during meal times, and that unhealthy foods were always or usually
available at home. In contrast, high SEP adolescents were more likely to report that vegetables were always
served at dinner, that the evening meal was never an unpleasant time and always or usually a time for family
connectedness, and that fruit was alwaysor usually available at home. Thisstudy highlights aspects of the home
food environment that might explain SEP variation in adolescent diets. Feasible ways of increasing home availability of healthy foods, and encouraging home meal environments to be supportive of healthy eating should be
explored, particularly in households of low SEP adolescents.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):748-756.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Associations between dietary habits and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in a Hong Kong Chinese working population – the “Better Health for Better Hong Kong” (BHBHK) health promotion campaign
Author:Gary TC Ko MD FRCPI , Juliana CN Chan MD FRCP, Spe
Keywords:dietary assessment, risk factors, cardiovascular diseases, urban health
Abstract:Diet and nutritional status have been shown to play pivotal roles in the occurrence of many chronic diseases. In
this study, we examined the patterns of dietary habits and their relationships with riskfactors for cardiovascular
and chronic diseases in Hong Kong working populations. In April 2000, a 5-year territory-wide health promotion
campaign supported by the Li Ka Shing Foundation was launched in Hong Kong by the Health InfoWorld of
Hospital Authority. Between July 2000 and March 2002, 4841 Chinese subjects [2375 (49.1%) men and 2466
(50.9%) women, mean age: 42.4 ±8.9 years (median: 43.0 years, range: 17-83 years)] from the general working
class were recruited. Subjects were randomly selected using computer generated codes according to the distribution of occupational groups. A dietary questionnaire was used to assess 6 core dietary habits: daily fruit intake,
vegetable intake, fluid intake, sugary drinks, regularity of daily meals and number of dining out each day. Overall, men had a worse cardiovascular risk profile and less desirable dietary habits than women. Those who had
more unhealthy dietary habits were more likely to be obese and current smokers. Using logisticregression analysis with the dietary habits as independent variables, we found that obesity, smoking and constipation were independently associated with various unhealthy dietary patterns. In conclusion, there were close associations between dietary habits and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Hong Kong. More effective community education about healthy lifestyle is required in Hong Kong.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):757-765.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Meal distribution, relative validity and reproducibility of a meal-based food frequency questionnaire in Taiwan
Author:Li-Ching Lyu PhD, Chi-Fen Lin BS, Fang-Hsin Chang
Keywords:meal distribution, relative validity, reproducibility, meal-based food frequency questionnaire, Taiwan
Abstract:Food frequency questionnaire is an important assessment toolfor public health nutrition research. We describe
the development history and conducted the validity and reproducibility studies for a meal-based Chinese food
frequency questionnaire (Chinese FFQ) by five meal sequences. A total of 51subjects were recruited to collect
dietary information twice (6 months apart) with one 24-hr recall, 7-day food records and the Chinese FFQ.
Combining data from both time sets, Chinese FFQ showed strong correlations of macro and micronutrients with
7-day records (n=60, r=0.29-0.50,p<0.05), but not with 24-hr recalls (n=60, r=0.01-0.23, p>0.05). The reproducibility of this Chinese FFQ (n=22) was consistently high for most nutrients, with Spearman correction coefficients between 0.42 for vitamin A to 0.79 for vitamin B12
. From a larger sample of 231 subjects who completed
the Chinese FFQ and one 24-hr recall, wefound the energy distributions of breakfast, lunch, dinner, afternoon
and evening snacks combined from Chinese FFQ were 20%, 37%, 37% and 6%, and from 24-hour recalls were
19%, 36%, 44% and 1%, respectively. These results showedacceptable reproducibility and relative validity of
this meal-based Chinese FFQ.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):766-776.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Book review and Future event
Author:
Keywords:
Abstract:
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):777-779.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
Obituary for Professor Akira Okada (1938-2007), Co-founding Editor of APJCN
Author:
Keywords:
Abstract:
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):i.doi:
>>Abstract
>> Download PDF
