Public health nutrition in the Asia Pacific region
Author:MARK L WAHLQVIST
Keywords:
Abstract:see pdf file.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):77.doi:
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Declaration of Olympia on nutrition and fitness 28-29 May 1996, Ancient Olympia, Greece
Author:Artemis P Simopoulos
Keywords:
Abstract:
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):78-79.doi:
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The effectiveness of group dietary counselling among non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients in resettlement scheme areas in Malaysia
Author:Talib R, Ali O, Arshad F, Kadir KA
Keywords:non-insulin dependant diabetes mellitus, Malaysia, Pahang, diabetes education, group dietary counseling, Malay, Chinese, Indian, glycaemic control, HbA1, weight, BMI
Abstract:A study was undertaken in FELDA (Federal Land Development Authority) resettlement scheme areas in Pahang, Malaysia, to determine the effectiveness of group dietary counselling in motivating diabetic patients to achieve good dietary habits, and weight and diabetes control. Sixty-one non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group received six sessions of group dietary counselling over 5 months and the control group received mass media diabetes-educational program during the same period. The one hour group dietary counselling sessions discussed general knowledge of diabetes, food groups for meal planning, the importance of dietary fibre-rich foods, types of fat in food, exercise and weight control. The experimental group met monthly with a dietitian as a counsellor. Effectiveness was assessed by improvement in food choice, and decline in percentage glycated haemoglobin (total HbA1) or body mass index (BMI). Measurements were made at a baseline visit, every two months during the six month program, and six months afterwards. Patients in the experimental group improved their food choices, resulting in a healthier diet high in unrefined carbohydrates and dietary fibre rich foods, and low in fat. There were significant reductions of their percentage total HbA1 levels and BMI following the counselling sessions, which decreased further six months after the program compared with patients in the control group. Thus group dietary counselling is effective in motivating NIDDM patients to achieve better food choice, and related weight and glycaemic control in a Malaysian setting.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):84-87.doi:
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Peptide digestion and absorption in humans: portal vein, hepatic vein, and peripheral venous amino acid concentrations
Author:Yamakawa M, Maeda J, Sugisaki K, Fujita T, Oohara
Keywords:Oligopeptides, amino acids, digestion absorption, human, portal vein, hepatic vein, peripheral vein, hepatic uptake, peripheral release, peripheral uptake, BCAA, enteral nutrition
Abstract:An oligopeptide preparation and an amino acid mixture with an identical composition were administered intraduodenally to a patient with a catheter in the portal vein, and blood samples were collected over time from the portal vein, the hepatic vein, and a peripheral vein to investigate amino acid digestion and absorption. When the oligopeptide preparation was administered, amino acids appeared rapidly in the portal blood and monomodal well-balanced absorption curves were obtained. When the amino acid mixture was given, however, amino acid levels in the portal blood indicated a bimodal pattern of absorption. Evaluation of the kinetics of various amino acids after administration of the two preparations showed that they could be classified into the following four groups: 1) amino acids showing hepatic uptake (threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, arginine, serine, and proline), 2) amino acids released from peripheral tissues and taken up by the liver (alanine, glutamine, and glycine), 3) amino acids not showing hepatic uptake (leucine, valine, and isoleucine), and one amino acid released from the liver for peripheral uptake (glutamic acid). These findings suggest that the nature of the protein source and the kinetics of individual amino acids should be taken into account in nutritional therapy and nutritional assessment.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):88-91.doi:
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Dry mixing technique for the large scale production of iodine fortified salt in India
Author:Ranganathan S, Sundaresan S, Raghavendra I, Kalyan
Keywords:Iodine fortified salt, potassium iodate, calcium carbonate, dry mixing, free-flowing, stability, shelf-life, India, Tuticorin, Machilipatnam, Huderabad
Abstract:Dry mixing technique was used successfully in three factories in India for the manufacture of iodine fortified salt. Permitted food additives, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, were used with potassium iodate. The technology was smooth and free from any problem. Since the formerly conventional, but now superceded on analytical performance criteria, spray-mixing system was not used in the study, plants of the economics either batch mixing or continuous processes were more in evidence, and could be compared with avoidable spray mixing production performance data. The iodine fortified salt was free-flowing and retained the colour of the common salt. The iodine distribution was uniform (about 30 ppm). Long distance road transportation did not affect the iodine stability and its consistency. Storage studies showed satisfactory stability and the fortified salt had prolonged shelf-life beyond one year.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):92-94.doi:
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Iodine content of salt in the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Author:Kapil U, Karmarkar MG, Goindi G, Nayar D
Keywords:
Abstract:Iodine is an essential micronutrient, deficiency of which causes a number of disorders including goitre and cretinism. Inadequate data are available on the iodine content of salt consumed by beneficiaries in Andaman and Nicobar islands. A systematic study was therefore, undertaken to assess the iodine content of salt to initiate intervention measures, if required, to improve the quality of salt. A total of 275 salt samples, collected from equal number of households constituted the study sample. It was found that 57.1% of the salt samples had an iodine content of 15 ppm and above, 16% had between 10 ppm to <15 ppm, 26.5% had less than 10 ppm and only one salt sample had nil iodine content. The results of the study indicate that there is a need for further strengthening and monitoring of the quality of iodised salt procured and distributed by traders in the Union territory in order to combat iodine deficiency disorders.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):95.doi:
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Nutritional factors in carcinoma oesophagus: a case-control study
Author:Srivastava M, Kapil U, Chattopadhyay TK, Shukla NK
Keywords:Oesophageal carcinoma, nutrition, green leafy vegetables, fresh fruit, bidi smoking, paan chewing, India
Abstract:A case control study was conducted on 170 patients with oesophageal cancer. An equal number of healthy persons (attendants of patients) were included in the study as controls to identify nutritional risk factors for oesophageal cancer. The majority (55%) of the patients were of low socio-economic status and from Northern parts of India. They were predominantly male (66%). Increase in risk was associated with low consumption of green leafy vegetables, other vegetables and fresh fruits, milk and milk products. Heavy use of spices and use of very hot tea or food were also associated with increased risk. Differences in the past dietary consumption patterns of oesophageal cancer patients and controls suggest a role for nutritional factors in oesophageal cancer pathogenesis. At the same time substance abuse by cigarette or bidi smoking, alcohol consumption, paan and tobacco chewing also increased risk. After multivariate analysis, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables spices, bidi usage and fresh fruits provided protection against oesophageal cancer.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):96-98.doi:
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Capsaicin content of various varieties of Indonesian chilies
Author:Dyah Juliana S, LH Oen, Azizahwati, FG Winarno
Keywords:Chili, capsaicin, Indonesia, Capsicum annum L, Capsicum frustescens L, Rawit Kalimantan, pungency, organoleptic properties, Scoville heat units
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Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):99-101.doi:
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Body mass index as predictor for body fat:comparison between Chinese and Dutch adult subjects
Author:Deurenberg P, Ge K, Hautvast JG, Wang J
Keywords:Body density, underwater weighing, body mass index, body fat, body composition, adult, comparison, Siri’s formula, Chinese, Dutch
Abstract:The relation between body mass index (kg/m2) and body fat from body density was compared in a group of Chinese and Dutch healthy subjects in relation to sex and age. The Dutch group was selected in relation to the Chinese group in that age, weight, height and body mass index did not exceed the maximal observed values of the Chinese subjects. Mean weight, height and body mass index was higher in the Dutch group, but body fat from density did not differ between the groups. Body fat predicted from body mass index, age and sex did not differ from the value obtained by densitometry in both countries. The correlation between measured body fat and predicted body fat was 0.84 (p<0.01) in the Chinese and 0.90 (p<0.01) in the Dutch. The difference between measured and predicted body fat was related to the level of body fatness (r=0.55, p<0.01), but did not differ between the countries. In different age groups there were slight differences in the measured minus predicted values of the countries, but these differences were less after correcting for differences in the level of body fatness in each age group. It is concluded that the relation between body fatness and body mass index is not different between the two studied populations.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):102-105.doi:
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Nutrition rehabilitation and the importance of the perception of malnutrition in the follow-up of rehabilitated children
Author:Kolsteren P, Lefèvre P, Lerude PM
Keywords:Malnutrition, causes, children, nutrition rehabilitation, perception, Nepal, follow-up, “Peso” women, health seeking behaviour
Abstract:Nutrition rehabilitation of malnourished children remains a challenge for health services. This paper reports the results of an evaluation of the nutrition component of a mother and child health program in Nepal. The treatment of severely malnourished children was very satisfactory: case fatality rate varied from 4 to 9 % between projects. Follow-up, however, was found to be very poor: only one percent of the discharged children came for a follow-up visit after the first two weeks. The perception of malnutrition within the communities was identified as one of the possible determinants for a successful follow-up and small scale qualitative investigations were organized to gain insight in the topic. Results are quite revealing regarding the perception of nutrition problems. If for severe cases (kwashiorkor and marasmus) awareness of malnutrition did exist in the community, chronic malnutrition seems to be considered as a normal state of being. When a problem is perceived (in severe cases) people will seldom think of it as a nutrition related disease. Results show that the aetiology used by the people differs significantly from the western paradigm, and that traditional convictions put the causes at natural, supra-natural or social levels. The striking point is that no relation is established in the traditional framework between malnutrition (either severe or mild) and food intake of the children. Perception of malnutrition and of its causes influences health seeking behaviour in terms of prevention and treatment. Traditional healers play an important curative role and will often be the first to be contacted. The absence of perception of the links between the shape of the body and nutrients is put forward as one of the possible explaining mechanisms for low follow-up rates observed. An implication of this study would be to revise the health messages delivered to the communities in order to make them culturally more appropriate and relevant.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):106-110.doi:
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Developmental changes in distribution of the mucous gel layer in rat small intestine
Author:Iiboshi Y, Nezu R, Khan J, Yoshida H, Sando K, Fuk
Keywords:Small intestine, jejunum, ileum, development, mucous gel layer, unstirred layer, absorption, intestinal barrier, macromolecules, bacteria, intestinal closure
Abstract:The intraluminal mucous gel layer across the small intestine of rats aged 3 days, 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks (n=10x5) was studied to investigate its postnatal development. Celloidin stabilisation of dried cryostat sections of small intestine, with the luminal contents, preserved the intraluminal mucous gel layer for staining by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Morphological differences in the mucous gel, between the villi of the small intestine, in rats of several postnatal ages were observed, most notably after the age of 2 weeks. The adhesive mucous gel layer, covering the intestinal epithelium in the small intestine, appears to undergo rapid development after weaning.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):111-115.doi:
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Palm olein oil produces less lipid peroxidation products than soya bean oil
Author:Zaiton Z, Merican Z, Khalid BA, Mohamed JB, Baharo
Keywords:Conjugated diene, malonaldehyde, lipid peroxidation, palm olein, soya bean oil, hyperthyroidism, rats, soleus muscle
Abstract:The soleus muscles of hyperthyroid rats were used to investigate the effect of palm olein oil and soya bean oil on the production of lipid peroxidation products. It was found that palm olein oil but not soya bean oil significantly decreased malonaldehyde and conjugated diene levels of the soleus muscles of hyperthyroid rats. These findings suggest that palm olein per se produces less lipid peroxidation products than soya bean oil. Such an assay method gives a composite net picture of the propensity of an oil to produce lipid peroxidation products.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):116-118.doi:
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The effect of an individual versus group program on weight loss
Author:Steinbeck KS, Droulers AM, Caterson ID
Keywords:
Abstract:The therapy of obesity is difficult and success rates are low. Because of these observations many different therapeutic modalities have been advocated. In this study the short term weight loss results using individual and group approaches are described. For both approaches changes in lifestyle and behaviours were emphasised. The major finding of the study was that while patient retention rates were better in the group approach, weight loss was greater in those patients who were seen individually. The reasons for these findings are discussed and some suggestions are made as to how the group approach, which has the significant advantage of making more efficient use of health professionals' time, might be made more therapeutically effective.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):119-121.doi:
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Nutrition and cardiovascular disease: an Asia Pacific perspective
Author:Khor GL
Keywords:Diet, cardiovascular disease, Asia Pacific, epidemiology, risk factors, coronary heart disease, antioxidants, lipids, hypertension, soy beans, obesity, diabetes
Abstract:Changes in the dietary intake patterns of countries in the Asia Pacific region are considered in relation to trends of cardiovascular disease mortality. Cardiovascular disease now constitutes the major cause of mortality in many of the countries of the region. The mortality rate for coronary heart disease (CHD) has been on the decline since the mid-1960s in countries such as Australia, New Zealand and Japan, while a decline in other countries, including Singapore and Hong Kong, appears to be occurring about two decades later after a delayed increase. In contrast, countries like Malaysia and China have had and continue an upward trend for CHD mortality. Nonetheless, the mortality rates due to CHD in New Zealand, Australia, Singapore followed by Hong Kong rank among the highest in the region. In China, Taiwan and Japan, death due to cerebrovascular disease remains a major cause of death, although the latter two countries have undergone a significant decline in stroke death rates since 1970. The intakes of fat from land animal products, fish and vegetable oils, depending on fatty acid patterns and, possibly other constituents, are candidate contributors to the different atherogenic and thrombotic effects. Countries which have a higher mortality from CHD tend to have a higher intake of energy from fat and proportion of fat from animal products. These fat intakes may operate to increase hypercholesterolemia and overweight in various countries. Again, intakes of other food items and constituents used in the region such as soybeans, dietary antioxidants in fruits, vegetables, seeds, cereals, nuts and tea and alcohol consumption are candidate cardio-protectants. The wide dietary scope of Asia Pacific populations, from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds, and at different levels of economic and technological development poses several analytic challenges and opportunities. Future research should improve the datasets and think laterally about pathogenesis and intervention.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):122-142.doi:
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ACNS National Meeting 1996
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Abstract:see pdf file.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):143-151.doi:
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The clinical evaluation of a food additive: assessment of aspartame
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Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(2):152.doi:
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