Food regulation as an instrument of public health: future directions
Author:Mark L Wahlqvist
Keywords:
Abstract:
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):229.doi:
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Traditional fish intake and fatty acid composition in fish consuming and non-fish consuming populations
Author:Bulliyya G, Reddy RC, Reddanna P
Keywords:Fish intake, India, Andhra Pradesh, Nellore district, serum phospholipids, fatty acid consumption, essential fatty acids(EFA), eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosapentaenoic acid(DPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), arachidonic acid(AA)
Abstract:To evaluate the validity of habitual marine fish intake, the relation between fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and dietary patterns were investigated. Dietary intake and serum fatty acid concentrations were measured in healthy subjects of coastal fish consuming and non-fish consuming populations. Amongst fish consumers, the intake of total energy (p<0.01) and carbohydrate (p<0.05) is significantly lower and protein intake higher than in non-fish consumers. The mean percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids do not show significant variation. However, in the ω-6 fatty acid series, the percent of linoleic acid, 22:4 ω-6 and 22:5 ω-6 is significantly lower in fish consumers, whereas dihomo-gamma linolenic acid is higher than in the non-fish consumers. The percentage of w-3 fatty acids in fish consumers, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are significantly greater (p<0.01) than those in non-fish consumers probably attributable to differences in fish intake. These differences in fatty acid profiles, particularly in the long-chain ω-3 series, are highlighted with the consumption of fish being a possible explanation between fish consuming and non-fish populations. The findings of this study suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of fish consumption is worthy of further study.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):230-234.doi:
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Correlation between essential fatty acids and parameters of bone formation and degradation
Author:Kruger MC, Claassen N, Smuts CM, Potgieter HC
Keywords:essential fatty acid, dihomogammalinolemic acid(DGLA), essential fatty acids(EFA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), bone calcium, deoxypyridinolines, rats
Abstract:There are two types of essential fatty acids (EFAs), the n-6 derived from linoleic acid (LA) and the n-3, derived from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Most of the functions of the EFAs require the conversion of LA and ALA to their metabolites including, gammalinolenic (GLA), dihomogammalinolenic (DGLA), arachidonic (AA) (n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids (n-3). Supplementing specific GLA:EPA ratios has effects on bone formation and degradation. A study was designed to investigate the effect of various dietary ratios of n-6:n-3 on calcium homeostasis. Female Sprague Dawley rats were ovariectomised (OVX) at age =11 weeks, and were supplemented from age 12 weeks for six weeks with different ratios (9:1; 3:1; 1:3; 1:9) of GLA:EPA. Bone parameters and red blood cell (RBC) fatty acid profiles were measured at age=18 weeks. RBC GLA and DGLA increased in groups 9:1 and 3:1(p<0.05). EPA and DGLA increased in 1:3 and 1:9 while AA decreased (p<0.05). Correlations were calculated between bone calcium, deoxypyridinoline (Dpyd) and specific fatty acids. DGLA was positively correlated with femur calcium and negatively with Dpyd excretion while DHA and EPA were correlated with femur calcium.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):235-238.doi:
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The trans fatty acid content of fats in some manufactured foods commonly available in New Zealand
Author:Richardson RK, Fong BY, Rowan AM
Keywords:fat, trans fatty acids, foods, New Zealand, margarine, biscuits, pastry, milk, meat
Abstract:The trans-unsaturated fatty acid content of 18 foodstuffs was determined using infrared analysis for total trans-unsaturation and thin layer/gas chromatography for the trans octadecenoic acids. Infrared calibration was from mixtures of trielaidin and tristearin or methyl oleate and methyl stearate for analysis of triacylglycerols and derived fatty acid methyl esters respectively. The methyl esters were also separated by degree of unsaturation by argentation thin layer chromatography and the trans- monounsaturated components determined by gas chromatography. As a proportion of the extracted fat, trans contents ranged from margarine (14-18%) to biscuits (1-2%). All except the margarines were less than 10%. When the fat content and serving size of the foods were taken into account, the ranking of contribution to dietary trans fatty acids was somewhat different from that based on the trans content of the fats alone, pastry-based foods and margarine appearing as the major potential contributors.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):239-245.doi:
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The protective effect of red palm oil in comparison with massive vitamin A dose in combating vitamin A deficiency in Orissa, India
Author:Mahapatra S, Manorama R
Keywords:vitamin A deficiency, Orissa India, children, red palm oil
Abstract:Vitamin A deficiency has long been a serious hazard to the world community, especially to children. The main reason for a higher incidence among children is lack of vitamin A in the diet. Carotene rich supplements with sources like Red Palm oil (RPO) could be used as a measure to combat vitamin A deficiency. This study evaluates the protective effect of RPO in comparison with massive vitamin A dose to combat vitamin A deficiency. The study was carried out for a period of three months in 36 school children. Twelve children received a massive dose (50,000 IU) of vitamin A, another twelve children received 4g of RPO containing B-carotene equivalent to 25,000 IU of vitamin A in "Besan laddu" and the remaining twelve received 8g of RPO containing B-carotene equivalent to 50,000 IU of vitamin A in "Besan laddu". Serum vitamin A levels were estimated initially, after 15 days of supplementation and 3 months after termination of supplementation. The levels were maximum 15 days after the supplementation and, though it fell by the end of 3 months, yet it was significantly higher than that of the initial levels in all the three groups. Among both the levels of RPO supplement, 8g RPO was as efficient as was a massive vitamin A dose in providing protection for three months, after cessation of supplementation.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):246-250.doi:
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Food consumption patterns and nutrient intake among Nepalese living in the southern rural Terai region
Author:Ohno Y, Hirai K, Sato N, Ito M, Yamamoto T, Tamura
Keywords:food consumption, nutrient intake, Nepal, Terai region, Chitwan district, Khargual Village, rural, Itahari district, BMI(body mass index), blood pressure
Abstract:The dietary nutrient intake of persons aged 10-68 years (55 males and 54 females) living in the Chitwan district, Nepal, was investigated using the 24-hour recall method. The mean daily consumption of food for males and females averaged 483± 92 and 433± 115 g of cereals, 179± 126 and 167± 126 g of coloured vegetables, 91± 177 and 111± 206 g of milk and dairy products, 67± 91 and 53± 82 g of potatoes, respectively. These items constituted more than three-fourths of the total food weight, whereas the amounts and frequency of the consumption of meats, fish and eggs were very low. Males (464± 80 g) consumed a larger amount of rice than females (408± 105 g, p<0.01). The level of rice consumption 1000 was strongly related to the level of energy intake (r= 0.60), protein (r= 0.44), carbohydrate (r= 0.66), vitamin B1 (r= 0.77), niacin (r= 0.53) and vitamin E (r= 0.54), (p<0.001). The mean amount of total energy intake for males (2340± 526 kcal) was higher than that of females (1930± 457 kcal, p<0.01). The daily mean intakes of protein, fat, Ca, vitamin B1 and B2 were 51.9± 13.0 g, 23.0± 9.8 g, 412± 228 mg, 1.88± 0.33 mg and 0.73± 0.27 mg for males and 47.4± 12.5 g, 26.1± 13.8 g, 395± 237 mg, 1.72± 0.39 mg and 0.68± 0.31 mg for females, respectively. The intake levels of Fe and vitamin E for males (8.5± 3.4 and 4.4± 1.5 mg) were higher than those of females (6.7± 1.9 and 3.7± 1.2 mg, p<0.01, respectively). The mean intake of vitamin A, mostly of carotene (about 90% of vitamin A), was 1614± 1003 and 1561± 1031 IU for males and females, respectively. The consumption of coloured vegetables was correlated with the intake of vitamin A (r= 0.96), B2 (r= 0.37) and C (r= 0.85), (p<0.001, respectively).
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):251-255.doi:
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Does the eating match the teaching? Food habits in people with non insulin dependent diabetes
Author:Vindedzis SA, McCann VJ
Keywords:diabetes, education, nutrition, macronutrients, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrate, thiamin, calcium
Abstract:Three-day food records were used to assess the dietary intake of 50 patients with non insulin dependent diabetes; body mass index (BMI) exceeded 25 in 74% and exceeded 30 in 20%. Present nutrient intake was determined by the food compositional analysis package known as SODA III analysis. Two at-risk micronutrients were used as markers of food intake quality, namely calcium and thiamin. Calcium intake prior to diagnosis of diabetes by retrospective questionnaire. Serum and red cell thiamin levels were measured. All patients had received nutrition education. Results showed fat intake less than 35% in 50% of subjects and carbohydrate intake greater than 50% in 18% of subjects. Seventy-two percent of subjects had a saturated fat intake greater than 10%. Cholesterol intake exceeded 300mg in 16% of subjects. Dietary thiamin intake was adequate in 98% and did not correlate with serum or red cell thiamin levels. Only 24% of subjects had an adequate calcium intake. Previous to diagnosis of diabetes, 50% of subjects had had adequate calcium intakes. Calcium intake was related to age, increasing with increasing age (p<0.05) and saturated fat intake (p<0.01). This group had an excess intake of fat and calcium intake was largely inadequate.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):256-259.doi:
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Malnutrition and its risk factors among children 1-7 years old in rural Malaysian communities
Author:Norhayati M, Noorhayati MI, Mohammod CG, Oothuman
Keywords:malnutrition, underweight, stunting, wasting, children, West Malaysia, Malay Villages, Labu, Dengkil, socioeconomic factors, birthweight, parasitosis
Abstract:The aims of this study were to investigate the nutritional status of children aged 1-7 years in Malaysian rural communities and to identify its risk factors. In all, 221 children were assessed using anthropometric measurements, dietary questionnaires and other tools. Weight-for-age, height-for-age, weight-for-height were analysed. Based on the NCHS standards, the overall prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 46.2%, 18.1% and 30.3% respectively. Almost one-third of the 1-2 years old groups were malnourished. Univariate analysis identified household income £ MR750.00 as a significant risk factor of stunting and wasting.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):260-264.doi:
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The assessment of malnutrition in children under 3 years of age in Sichuan areas of China using two different growth standards
Author:Mao M, Qian Y, Qian B, Zak S, Liu Z, Li G, Zhen D,
Keywords:malnutrition, preschool children, growth standards, Sichuan, rural China, plains, hills, mountains
Abstract:6,666 children under 3 years of age were selected from 231 villages in 25 townships of the Sichuan Province using a stratified random sampling design. The subjects consisted of 3,356 boys (50.3%) and 3,310 girls (49.7%); 2,510 from plain areas (37.8%),1,857 from hill areas (27.9%), and 2,299 from mountain areas (34.4%). All the children in this study had four anthropometric variables measured: body weight, length, head circumference (HC), upper-arm circumference (UAC). Three anthropometric indicators were used to measure the prevalence of malnutrition: weight-for-age (underweight), length-for-age (stunting) and weight-for-length (wasting). The prevalence of malnutrition and Z scores were calculated for male and female, respectively, by age to compare the Chinese rural children with the Chinese standard (1985) and NCHS Standard. The prevalence of moderate plus severe underweight, stunting and wasting were 20.8%,40.7% and 1.78% in boys and 19.5%, 38.3% and 2.26% in girls. The prevalence of malnutrition also varied with age. The group with the highest prevalence of malnutrition was in the first year of life, with weaning time proving to be a critical period influencing child growth and development. Z score indicated that the growth and development of Chinese rural children was behind the Chinese Urban and NCHS populations, especially after 6 months of age. Furthermore, the mean head circumference and upper arm circumference was lower in mildly malnourished children in each age gr 1000 oup than in normal children, and much lower still in moderately and severely malnourished children. The influences of malnutrition were also manifested on bone and muscle development.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):265-272.doi:
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Effects of childhood malnutrition on Insulin-like Growth Factor-l (IGF-I) and IGF-Binding Protein-3 levels: a Malaysian and New Zealand analysis
Author:Wan Nazaimoon WM, Rahmah R, Osman A, Khalid BAK, L
Keywords:malnutrition, childhood, Malaysia, New Zealand, growth, height, weight, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1(IGF-I), IGF-Binding Protein-3
Abstract:
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):273-276.doi:
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Changes in food, nutrient and energy intake in People's Republic of China samples of urban and rural north and south adults surveyed in 1983-84 and resurveyed in 1987-88
Author:Dennis BH, Zhou B, Liu X, Yang J, Mai J, Cao T, Ni
Keywords:dietary survey, China, nutrient intake, cardiovascular
Abstract:Dietary patterns were assessed in a prospective study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in four Chinese populations: Beijing urban (BJ-U) and rural (BJ-R), Guangzhou urban (GZ-U) and rural (GZ-R). A total of 10,076 men and women 35-54 years old were surveyed in 1983-84 and resurveyed in 1987-88. Dietary data were obtained in a subsample of about 10% (n=169 BJ-U, 178 BJ-R, 198 GZ-U, 230 GZ-R). Three 24-hr recalls were collected on each participant in each survey. Comparison of mean intakes in the two periods showed increases in meat, poultry, fish (except GZ-R), eggs (rural only), milk (except BJ-R) and alcoholic beverages. The largest shifts were in meat intake (29%-39%), alcoholic beverages (71%-104%) and fats in the urban samples (33%-35%). These changes are reflected in increased mean intakes of animal protein, fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher Keys scores. Mean total fat intake now exceeds the PRC recommended range of 20-25% of energy in three of the four samples. During this period BMI increased in all samples especially among men (3% - 6%). These surveys, conducted during a period of rapid economic development in China, show that such changes promote shifts in dietary patterns and energy balance towards increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):277-286.doi:
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Impact of selective iron and/or iodine interventions on iron and iodine status of adolescents
Author:Dodd NS, Godhia ML
Keywords:Goitre, iodine deficiency, iron deficiency, micronutrient supplements, urinary iodine excretion, triidothyronine, thyroxine, TSH, adolescents
Abstract:The impact of iron and iodised salt supplementation and iron with iodised salt supplementation for a period of six months was studied in relation to non-supplemented controls, on selected indicators of iron and iodine status among goitrous and non goitrous adolescents. A significant reduction in total goitre rate (TGR) and visible goitre rate (VGR) was observed in the group given iodised salt alone or with iron supplements. No change was observed in TGR in the group receiving iron supplements though VGR decreased. An increase in urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was observed among goitrous and non goitrous subjects receiving iodised salt alone or iron supplements alone. The goitrous control subjects in contrast showed a significant decrease in their UIE (-10.9 mcg/dL p < 0.05). Iodised salt supplementation caused an increase in T4 (thyroxine) in goitrous and non goitrous subjects and a decrease in TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) in goitrous subjects. However, iron supplementation had an adverse effect on T3 (triidothyronine) and T4 in non goitrous subjects. Dual supplementation caused a significant decline in T3 (among goitrous subjects) and T4 concentrations (among non goitrous subjects). Haemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin (sf) concentrations improved with iodised salt among both the goitrous and non goitrous subjects, but for goitrous subjects, not with iron alone. This study suggests that if a subject is both iron and iodine deficient, iodine deficiency may be corrected in part by iron or iodine supplementation, although their co-administration may not be synergistic. The metabolic relationship between iron and iodine deficiency needs further investigation. However, goitre prevalence is clearly ameliorated with combined micronutrient supplementation to a greater extent than with iodised salt alone and not at all with iron alone.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):287-290.doi:
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Factors affecting iron status in 15-30 year old female students
Author:Rangan AM, Aitkin I, Blight GD, Binns CW
Keywords:iron, haemoglobin, anaemia, women, Australia, food intake, vegetarian, vitamin C density, calcium intake, social status, menstrual function, blood donation, BMI(body mass index)
Abstract:Limited Australian data are available on iron status and factors affecting iron status in young women. Iron status was assessed in a population of 15-30 year old students using standard haematological and biochemical tests. Data were collected on demographic details and known risk factors for iron deficiency, including diet. Iron deficiency was present in 7.2% and iron deficiency anaemia in 4.5% of this population, comparable to previously published Australian data. Using logistic regression, the factors found to be associated with low iron stores (serum ferritin <20 μg/L) included high social status, low haem iron intake, high calcium intake, a high menstrual score and a recent history of blood donation in women with BMI<24. Of these factors, increasing haem iron consumption (meat, chicken and fish) is the most appropriate and easily modifiable factor for public health intervention in this age group.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):291-295.doi:
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Free radical and antioxidant status in urban and rural Tirupati men: interaction with nutrient intake, substance abuse, obesity and body fat distribution
Author:Reddy KK, Ramamurthy R, Somasekaraiah BV, Reddy TP
Keywords:free radicals, antioxidants, Tirupati, India, rural, urban, nutrient intake, alcohol, cigarette smoking, obesity, body fat distribution
Abstract:Rapid growth in urbanisation and industrialisation causes exposure to toxicant pollution which may contribute to increased incidences of non-communicable diseases. The present study reports on plasma lipid peroxides (LPO), lymphocyte free radicals, antioxidants and DNA damage in relation to life-style, obesity and body fat distribution measures among 56 urban men and 45 age matched rural men. Significant increases in plasma LPO, free radical generation (superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide), and DNA damage indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were observed in urban compared to rural men. In vitro assay of DNA damage showed a higher level of MDA in samples of urban men than those of rural men. There were no significant differences in antioxidant enzymes between urban and rural men. Neither body mass index nor fat distribution had a significant influence on free radical generation, while the habits of smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with increased levels of free radicals, plasma LPO and DNA damage and reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in urban men. Dietary energy and fat intakes were positively correlated with free radical generation. Both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide were positively correlated with LPO and DNA damage, and negatively correlated with antioxidant enzymes in urban men. The marked elevation of free radical generation, LPO, DNA damage and depletion in antioxidant levels in urban men may suggest that exposure to environmental toxicant pollution is a risk factor for oxidative damage. It was of interest in this study that, whilst BMI was not greater in urban than rural men, abdominal fatness was. Hypothetically, fat distribution could be altered by the process of oxidative damage if it altered regulation of metabolically active omental fat.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 1997;6(4):296-311.doi:
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