Securing health through food systems: an initiative of the nutrition consortium of the National Health Research Institutes in Taiwan and Asia Pacific regional partners as a network
Author:Mark L Wahlqvist MD FRACP FAFPHM FAIFST FTSE and K
Keywords:food crisis, NRD (Nutritionally-Related Disorder and Disease), energy, water, fertiliser, natural and anthropogenic disaster
Abstract:There are growing concerns about the health impacts of climate change with ecosystem degradation and global
warming, finite reserves of non-renewable energy, water shortages in food-producing regions, limits to contemporary agriculture with its dependence on exhaustible petrochemical nitrogen and rockphosphate fertilizers, and
failure of the global financial system. To date, health security has meant attention to safe environments especially water, sanitation and waste disposal; and access to health care and its affordability. Its dependency on food
security (safety, sufficiency, sustainability, and satisfactoriness which requires diversity and quality) has been
under-estimated because the current and imminent risks have increased and extended to more populations, because these may be less tractable and because the nature, extent and dynamics of nutritionally-related health are
better appreciated. As a step towards more collaborative food and health systems, the National Health Research
Institutes in Taiwan has created an interdisciplinary Nutrition Consortium (NC) with research and policy agendas. The NC held a food in Health Security (FIHS) in the Asia Pacific region roundtable in conjunction with the
World Vegetable Center based in Tainan, supported by the National Science Counciland Academia Sinica in
Taiwan and the Australian Academies of Science and of Science Technology and Engineering, August 2-5
th
2009 in Taiwan. A FIHS Network is being established to further the initiative. It should form part of the broader
Human Security agenda.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):472-479.doi:
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Why food in health security (FIHS)?
Author:Mark L Wahlqvist MD (Adelaide and Uppsala) FRACP F
Keywords:human security, CCH-FBS, FBDGs,MDGs, Asia Pacific Region, epigenetics
Abstract:Health is intrinsic to human security (HumS) although it is somewhat anthropocentric and about our own psychosocial and biomedical status morethan various external threats. The 1994 United Nations Development Program definition of HumS includes economic, food, environmental, personal, community and political security
with freedom from fear and want. Environmental factors are critical for health security (HealS), especially with
widespread socio-economic difficulty, and health systems less affordable or accessible. The nexus between nutritionally-related disorders and infectious disease is the most pervasive world health problem. Most if not all of
the Millennium Development Goals are food-linked. Maternal nutrition has life-long health effects on the yet-tobe born child. The mix of essential nutrient deprivation and energy imbalance is rife across many societies. Food
systems require deeper understanding and governance to overcome these food-related health risks which are
matters of food security (FoodS). Nutritionally-related Disability AdjustedLife Years (DALYS) are improving
markedly in many parts of the world, along with poverty and hunger reduction and health system advances. But
recent economic, energy, food, water, climate change and health crises along with conflict are limiting. It is time
for international and regional understanding of how households and communities can collectively manage these
threats in affordable and sustainable ways. There is untapped problem-solving capacity at the internationalisable
local level if supported by combined food - health systems expertise, innovation, infrastructure and governance.
Principles of equity and ethics must apply. The Food inHealth Security (FIHS) roundtable aims to develop a
Network to facilitate this process.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):480-485.doi:
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Food in health security in North East Asia
Author:Hyun-Kyung MoonPhD
Keywords:food security, health security, North East Asia
Abstract:Food and health security in North East Asia includingSouth Korea, North Korea, China and Japan was compared. Because this region contains countries with many complex problems, it is worthwhile to study the current
situation. With about 24% of the world’s population, all North East Asian countries supply between 2400 and
3000 Kcal of energy. Regarding health status, two extreme problems exist. One is malnutrition in North Korea
and China and the other is chronic degenerative disease in Japan, South Korea and China. Because quality, quantity and safety of the food supply have to be secured for health security, some topics are selected and discussed.
1) World food price can have an effect on food security for countries with a low food self sufficiency rate such
as Japan and Korea; specially, for the urban poor. 2) Population aging can increase the number of aged people
without food security. An aged population with less income and no support from their off-spring, because of disappearing traditional values, may have food insecurity. 3)Population growth and economicgrowth in this region
may worsen food problems. Since a quarter of the world’s population resides in this region, populations will
continue to increase. Witheconomic growth, people will consume more animal products. 4) Climate change
generates food production problems. As the progress of industry continues, there will be less land for food and
more pollutants in the environment. 5)Political instability will cause food insecurity and conflict will cause
problems with regard to food aid.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):486-492.doi:
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Food in health security in South East Asia
Author:Le Danh Tuyen PhD
Keywords:Southeast Asia, food insecurity, undernourishment, health, economic crisis
Abstract:With a global economic crisis, undernourished peoples in South East Asia, aselsewhere, face even greater food
insecurity. Future challenges to food availability include increasing food prices, increasing population size and
climate change. National policies are required which emphasise improved intersectoralcoordination, enhanced
government credibility and accountability, as well as a shift in food aid to investment in agriculture and the empowerment of independent institutions.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):493-497.doi:
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Water and its role in food and health security – the importance of water to food production
Author:Åsa K Wahlquist BAgSc
Keywords:water, food, drought, irrigation, climate change
Abstract:Water is vital to food production: every calorie of plant food requires at least one litre of water, while one calorie
of meat or dairy product can require up to 10 litres of water.Water is supplied either through rainfall or through
irrigation. Irrigated agriculture uses 18 per cent of agricultural land, and produces 40 per cent of agricultural
products. But urbanisation, agricultural land degradation, the mandating of biofuels, drought and climate change
are reducing the amount of water available to agriculture.The green revolution of last century doubled cereal
production with only a very small increase in land. This century we need a blue revolution, a dramatic increase
in the amount of food produced from irrigation or blue water. The blue revolution must be based on knowledge,
with that knowledge accessible, and useful, to farmers in both the developed and developing world.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):501-506.doi:
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Food crisis in the Asia-Pacific region
Author:Katinka M Weinberger PhD, Warwick J Easdown PhD, R
Keywords:food prices, malnutrition, researchinvestment, food systems, Asia-Pacific
Abstract:The Asia-Pacific region was on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of halving the prevalence of
extreme poverty by 2015, but recent dramatic rises in the price of rice and other staples have pushed millions of
people back into hunger and poverty. This indicates that the region’s food supply systemis more fragile and imbalanced than what was previously believed. Proximate causes of the rise in staple prices can be found in market
forces such as export restrictions and rising energy prices but the ultimate causes are policies that have led to under-investment in agricultural research and emergency mitigation. Large numbers of people in the Asia-Pacific
were already undernourished prior to the recent price rises, relying on monotonous diets dominated by a few staples. Pushed into reducing their dietary diversity evenfurther, many more millions are now suffering from hunger and deteriorating health. The most fundamental food crisis in the Asia-Pacific is one of poor diets, and this
affects the obese just as much as the undernourished. The solution lies in a food system that focuses on producing balanced diets, developing safe production practices, increasing food supplies by reducing losses, and investing in the research that make it all happen. Improving food systems is a fundamental community expectation and
can be a matter of government survival, but if the urgency to improve food supplies overrides improving diets,
the long-term impact on national healthwill be severe. Proactive policies,regional responses, and more integrated scientific approaches are needed.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):507-515.doi:
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Soil science in the understanding of the security of food systems for health
Author:Yong-Guan Zhu PhD
Keywords: biodiversity, contamination, food security, nutrition, soil quality
Abstract:Soil is a basic natural resource for food production, the vastmajority of food we consume is either directly or indirectly derived from soil. Soil quality determines the quantity (calories) and quality (nutritional value and safety)
of the foods grown. Protecting the soil’s physical, chemical and biological integrity is therefore of vital importance in safeguarding global food security. Soil science, as a discipline, will contribute to new knowledge related
to soil quality and its sustainable management. However, soil scientists are not alone in securing the global food
production system, instead they shall work with environmental engineers, agronomists, nutritionists, animal scientists and social scientists in developing integrative approaches to soil conservation,material cycling and environmental protection.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):516-519.doi:
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Crops and food security- experiences and perspectives from Taiwan
Author:Chen-Te Huang PhD, Tzu-Yu Richard Fu PhD, Su-San C
Keywords:crop production, food security, food system, self-sufficiency ratio, food policy
Abstract:Food security is an important issue that is of concern for all countries around the world. There are many factors
which may cause food insecurity including increasing demand, shortage of supply, trade condition, another
countries’ food policy, lack of money, high food- and oil prices, decelerating productivity, speculation, etc. The
food self-sufficiency ratio of Taiwan is only 30.6% weighted by energy in 2007. Total agriculture imports and
cereals have increased significantly due to the expansion of livestockand fishery industries and improve living
standard. The agriculture sector of Taiwan is facing many challenges, such as: low level of food self-sufficiency,
aging farmers, large acreage of set-aside farmlands, small scale farming, soaring price of fertilizers, natural disasters accelerated by climate change, and rapid changes in the world food economy. To cope with these challenges, the present agricultural policy is based on three guidelines: “Healthfulness, Efficiency, and Sustainability.” A program entitled “Turning Small Landlords into Large Tenants” was launched to make effective use of
idle lands. Facing globalization and the food crisis, Taiwan will secure stable food supply through revitalization
of its set-aside farmlands and international markets, and provide technical assistance todeveloping countries, in
particular for staple food crops.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):520-526.doi:
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Marine biodiversity and fishery sustainability
Author:Kwang-Tsao Shao DrPH
Keywords:marine conservation, marine fisheries, Taiwan, seafood, sustainability
Abstract:Marine fish is one of the most important sources of animal protein for human use, especially in developing countries with coastlines. Marine fishery isalso an important industry in many countries. Fifty years ago, many people believed that the ocean was so vast and so resilientthat there was no way the marine environment could be
changed, nor could marine fishery resources be depleted. Half a century later, we all agree that the depletion of
fishery resources is happening mainly due to anthropogenic factors such as overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, invasive species introduction, and climate change. Since overfishing can cause chain reactions that decrease marine biodiversity drastically, there will be no seafood left after 40 years if we take no action. The most
effective ways to reverse this downward trend and restore fishery resources are to promote fishery conservation,
establish marine-protected areas, adopt ecosystem-based management, and implement a “precautionary principle.” Additionally, enhancing public awareness of marine conservation, which includes eco-labeling, fishery ban
or enclosure, slow fishing, and MPA (marine protected areas) enforcement is important and effective. In this paper, we use Taiwan as an example to discuss the problems facing marine biodiversity and sustainable fisheries.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):527-531.doi:
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Food safety and food labeling from the viewpoint of the consumers
Author:Shaw Watanabe MD,PhD, Melissa Melby PhD, Naomi Aib
Keywords:food safety, food for specified use (FOSHU),functional nutriology, functional food factor (FFF), food labelling
Abstract:Distrust of food safety has grown among the Japanese people after the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) in 2001. The Food Safety Commission was formed under the Cabinet Office and made a network among the ministries. The newly-established Consumer Agency may strengthen the quick response to
emergencies. Shoku-iku(food and dietary education) Law is being implemented by the Cabinet Office with cooperation from relevant ministries and NGOs. Food Sanitation Law and Health Promotion Law are briefly explained, and the necessity of functional nutriology for non-nutrient biologically active substances is described.
With regard to publichealth nutrition, a new food label showing energy balance and antioxidant unit (AOU) as a
surrogate marker of fruit and vegetables has been developed for tailor-made nutrition which makes it easy to for
individuals to control energy intake.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):532-537.doi:
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Waste management to improve food safety and security for health advancement
Author:Angela Yu-Chen Lin PhD, Susana Tzy-Ying Huang HonB
Keywords:food waste, human health, environmental contamination, food safety, waste management
Abstract:Economic growth inevitably influences the food chain. Growing demand with changes in lifestyle and health
consciousness encourage use of packaged and pre-prepared foods. The needs of environmental protection from
waste generated are largely overlooked, and a lack of knowledge about the impact on the environment and its
health effects constitute food security/safety problems. Food production and waste generation directly affect resource (i.e., energy and water) consumption and often contaminate the environment. More pressure on food production has inculcated the use of pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics and chemical fertilizers which add to current
global pollution. At least half of food grown is discarded before and after it reaches consumers. It is estimated
that one third to half of landfill waste comes from the food sector. This landfill releases green house gases (GHG)
as well as leachate which worsen soil and water quality and safety. Pharmaceutical and chemical contaminations
from residential, industrial and agricultural sources make their way into nearby water and soil and can eventually
affect our food systems. Phthalates, PFOA, BPA, commonly used in plastics and personal care products, are
found in unacceptable concentrations in Taiwanese waters. They, too, contribute to food contamination and
long-term health risk. Existing waste management strategies warrant more stringent normsfor waste reduction at
source. Awareness through education could reduce food waste and its consequences. This review encompasses
impacts of food production systems on the environment, pollution which results from food waste, costs and economic advantages in food waste management, and health consequences of waste.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):538-545.doi:
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New technology for food systems and security
Author:NJ Newton Yau PhD
Keywords:technology trade, innovative technology, technology appraisal, food technologies, food safety
Abstract:In addition to product trade, technology trade has becomeone of the alternatives for globalization action around
the world. Although not all technologies employed on the technology trade platform are innovative technologies,
the data base of international technology trade still is a good indicator for observing innovative technologies
around world. The technology trade data base from Sinew Consulting Group (SCG) Ltd. was employed as an
example to lead the discussion on security or safety issues that may be caused bythese innovative technologies.
More technologies related to processing, functional ingredients and quality control technology of food were
found in the data base of international technology trade platform. The review was conducted by categorizing
technologies into the following subcategories in terms of safety and security issues: (1) agricultural materials/ingredients, (2) processing/engineering, (3) additives, (4) packaging/logistics, (5) functional ingredients, (6)
miscellaneous (include detection technology). The author discusses examples listed for each subcategory, including GMO technology, nano technology, Chinese medicine based functional ingredients, as well as several innovative technologies. Currently, generation of innovative technology advance at a greater pace due to cross-area
research and development activities. At the same time, more attention needs to be placed on the employment of
these innovative technologies.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):546-548.doi:
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Threats from farm animals to food and human security
Author:Bao-Ji Chen PhD, Chung-Ping Ho PhD and Nai-Yun Hua
Keywords:food security, government organization, traceability, GAP, import control
Abstract:This paper discussed the threats from farm animals to food and human security. In response to these threats, a
radical reform plan was adapted by several countries and the plan includes restructure of the organization of
governing agencies, implementation of a traceability system from the farm sector to end users, application of
hazard control measures, as well as tightening the food import control system.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):549-552.doi:
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Fish and its multiple human health effects in times of threat to sustainability and affordability: are there alternatives?
Author:Duo Li PhD and Xiaojie Hu
Keywords:aquatic products, aquaculture, fishing moratorium, sustainability, contaminant
Abstract:Fish (finfish or shellfish) has been classified as healthy by health professionals despite containing contaminants,
since fish is high in long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids which have multiple beneficial health effects such
as decreased risk of stroke via anti-thrombotic and vasodilative effects, increased heart rate variability, reducing
serum triacylglycerol and blood pressure, anti-inflammatory activities, improving visual function, improving attention-deficit conditions/ hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenic and dementia; and may be effective in managing
depression in adults. All these beneficial effects are thought tobe mediated through altering cell membrane
composition, fluidity, receptors and membrane-bound enzymes, gene expression and eicosanoid production.
However, natural marine and freshwaterfish populations are declining as a result of over-fishing, temperature
and climate changes etc. To re-establish and maintain the fish population inChina, fishing has been banned for
2-3 months during specified periods of the year, which differs depending on the area, since 1995. The fish population has recovered since implementation of these banned fishing periods, and thereby maintaining the sustainability and affordability of fish. Aquaculture products have had a significant contribution to China’s food system,
with significant increase in output over the past few decades, from one million tons in 1978 to 32 million tons in
2007. Aquaculture fish represents a higher portion of total aquatic products compared with natural marine and
freshwater fish, which has only been achieved in China, and this has contributed greatly to food and health security. China’s success in this area is a good model for other developing countries.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):553-563.doi:
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Aquaculture and food crisis: opportunities and constraints
Author:I Chiu Liao PhD and Nai-Hsien Chao PhD
Keywords:aquaculture, Asia-Pacific region,food crisis, opportunities, constraints
Abstract:Fish farming, now well known as aquaculture, has been well recognized since the ancient era. The first written
document on fish culture was published in China in 475 BC,and the first koi pond was constructed at the Japanese
Imperial Palace grounds during 71-130 AD. In recent years, aquaculture has progressively played an important role
in the provision of: animal protein and gourmet cuisines, job opportunities, and foreign currency for developing
countries. Asian countries produce around 91 percent of the world’s total aquaculture production. Among the top
ten aquaculture-producing countries, nine are from Asia. The current global population consist of more than 6.5 billion individuals; over one billion of which face hunger problem. In the highly populated Asia-Pacific region with
moderately high-productivity, 642 million people are still facing hunger. Being a proficient and potential source of
animal protein, aquaculture will play an increasing and important role in solving the world food problem in the future. This paper discusses both the opportunities and constraints in the aquacultureindustry, specifically in the AsiaPacific region, and its possible role in solving the currentglobal food crisis. Strategies including promotion and
adoption of traceability and HACCP systems for food safety, and marketing management for aquaculture products
are also suggested. It is hoped that traditional administration of aquaculture management for survival, profit, as well
as food safety will successfully match sustainability management to meetthe urgent global need for food.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):564-569.doi:
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The value of Asian - Africa collaboration in food and health security
Author:Michael B Krawinkel PhD
Keywords:nutrition security, primary health care, caloric overnutrition, natural biodiversity
Abstract:Challenges for food and health security encompass food production and distribution, smallholder income generation, access to health care, harmful child care practices and epidemics (e.g. HIV), and tackling of the coexistence
of undernutrition and caloric over-nutrition. The recently re-defined primary health care approach addresses the
whole field of nutrition and health security. In general, Asia has more experience with technologies in various
fields than Africa. But Africa has more experience in humanitarian approaches to emerging food and health crises. Objectives of the Asian-African collaboration need to be differentiated into one areawhere the public sector
is developing and strengthened, and another area where the private sector can promote food and health security
with its specific advantages and constraints. In the field of hunger and disease prevention, both sides can benefit
from the exchange of knowledge and concepts. Whereas in the Western world drugs and technologies became
major factors in health care and food production, the potential of Asia and Africa lies in optimizing the utilization of indigenous plants and protecting the biodiversity ofthe natural resources. As an example, the vegetable
bitter gourd is presented: it can be grown almost everywhere and it exerts anti-obese and anti-diabetic effects.
This is of extreme importance for those who do not haveaccess to modern drug treatment for diabetes mellitus.
Asian-African collaboration in food and health securityprovides a great opportunity as both sides can benefit
from different experiences and opportunities in order to meet the challenges in food and health security.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):570-576.doi:
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Food security in the Asia-Pacific: Malthus, limits and environmental challenges
Author:Colin D Butler PhD
Keywords:global food security, Malthus, FAO, CAFOs, limits to growth
Abstract:This is the first of two articles on the steepening challenges which confront global agriculture, food security and
hence nutrition and population health. The recent deterioration in global food security has caught most experts
by surprise. While the Asia Pacific region as a whole has so far fared reasonably well, there should be no
complacency about medium to long term food security in the region, whether or not food security improves in
the near future. The first paper places this debate in the context of the long-standing arguments between
Malthusianists and optimists. The apparent reversal of position in the last decade of two leading agricultural
experts is discussed. Their recent writings reflect intensified Malthusian concerns curbed in their writings from
the 1990s. The paper concludes that far more credence needs to be given to the pessimistic position in order to
avoid it becoming reality. The second paper focusses on five interrelated challenges to future food security in the
Asia Pacific. These may be conceptualised as pathways by which pessimistic Malthusian scenarios become
manifest. The mechanisms are (1) climate change, (2) water scarcity, (3) tropospheric ozone pollution, (4)
impending scarcity of phosphorus and conventional oil and (5) the possible interaction between future
population displacement, conflict and poor governance. The article concludes that a sustainable improvement in
food security requires a radical transformation in society’s approach tothe environment, population growth,
agricultural research and the distribution of rights, opportunitiesand entitlements.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):577-584.doi:
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The demography of food in health security: current experience with dairy consumption in Taiwan
Author:Meei-Shyuan Lee DrPH, Lin-Yuan Huang MPH, Mei-Chun
Keywords:dairy, demographics, dietary quality, health, NAHSITs
Abstract:To establish a food guide, the ‘total diet’ needs to be considered, based on prevailing patterns of food and nutrient intake; these will be culturallyacceptable and recognize the prevailing social and economic conditions that
affect food availability. Dairy produce is a good source of high quality protein, and provides significant amounts
of vitamins and minerals. People who consume more dairy have higher intakes of calcium and vitamin B2 with
less chance of deficiency. We used four National Nutrition Surveys in Taiwan (NAHSITs) to establish the current demographic predictors of dairy intakes, an indicator of food security in an affluent society. There was a U
shape relationship between dairy consumption practices (whether or not) and age. In Taiwanese, the practice is
higher in school children (49.3%), adolescents (32.1%) and elderly (43.6%) than it is in middle age (22.2-25.9%).
Average daily dairy intake decreases with age; in the elderly, the intake is less than half a serving. Forty seven
percent of first grade children consumed a serving or more of dairy while the 6
th
graders dropped to 37%. Less
than 20% adults consume one serving or more a day. The rate increases to 40% for elderly. Physiologic limitation and dietary habit account for 25% and 50% of dairy avoidance, respectively. Education, financial status,
ethnicity, regionality and health seeking behaviors are determinants of dairy consumption in all age groups.
There is a need for alternative Food Guides for non-dairy consumers. Attention to dairy intake for socioeconomically disadvantaged groups is required.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):585-589.doi:
>>Abstract
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Food security in the Asia-Pacific: climate change, phosphorus, ozone and other environmental challenges
Author:Colin D Butler PhD
Keywords:climate change, food security, phosphorus, peak oil, sustainability transition
Abstract:This is the second of two articles on challenges to future food security in the Asia Pacific region. It
focuses on five mechanisms, which can be conceptualised as pathways by which pessimistic Malthusian scenarios, described in the first paper, may become manifest. The mechanisms are (1) climate
change, (2) water scarcity, (3) tropospheric ozone pollution, (4) impending scarcity of phosphorus
and conventional oil and (5) the possible interaction between future population displacement, conflict
and poor governance. This article concludes that a sustainable improvement in food security requires
a radical transformation in society’s approach to the environment, population growth, agricultural research and the distribution of rights, opportunities and entitlements.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):590-597.doi:
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Health and nutrition economics: diet costs are associated with diet quality
Author:Yuan-Ting Lo MPH, Yu-Hung Chang PhD, Meei-Shyuan L
Keywords:food prices, food choices, diet costs, nutritional economics, food security
Abstract:The WHO asserts that the global food price crisis threatens public health and jeopardizes the health of the most
disadvantaged groups such as women, children, the elderly and low-income families. Economic factors play a
crucial role and could affect personal nutrition status and health. Economic decision factors such as food price
and income do influence people’s food choices. Moreover,food costs are a barrier for low income-families to
healthier food choices. Several studies indicate that diet costs are associated with dietary quality and also food
safety. Food prices have surged over the past couple ofyears (2007-9) and raised serious concerns about food
security around the world. Rising food prices are having severe impacts on population health and nutritional
status. Therefore, people who change their diet patternfor economic reasons may develop a range of nutritionally-related disorders and diseases, from so-called over-nutrition to or with under-nutrition even within the one
household. This is likely to increase with growing food insecurity. Presently,economics is not integrated with
mainstream nutrition science or practice, other than in ‘home economics’, but it can enable greater understanding
of how socioeconomic status may interplay with human nutritional status and health and how these situations
might be resolved. Collaborative, cross-disciplinary nutritional economics research should play a greater role in
the prevention and management of food crises.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):598-604.doi:
>>Abstract
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Sustainable agricultural practices: energy inputs and outputs, pesticide, fertilizer and greenhouse gas management
Author:Yue-Wen Wang PhD
Keywords: fossil fuels, solar energy, biofuels, climate change, sustainable
Abstract:The food security issue was addressed by the development of “modern agriculture” in the last century. But food
safety issues and environment degradation were the consequences suffered as a result. Climate change has been
recognized as the result of release of stored energy in fossil fuelinto the atmosphere. Homogeneous crop varieties, machinery, pesticides and fertilizers are the foundation of uniform commodities in modern agriculture. Fossil fuels are used to manufacture fertilizers and pesticides as well as the energy source for agricultural machinery,
thus characterizes modern agriculture.Bio-fuel production and the possibility of the agriculture system as a form
of energy input are discussed.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):498-500.doi:
>>Abstract
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Imputed food insecurity as a predictor of disease and mental health in Taiwanese elementary school children
Author:Likwang Chen PhD, Mark L Wahlqvist MD, Nai-Chi Ten
Keywords:food insecurity, disease, mental health, health expenditure, children
Abstract:This study investigated the association between food insecurity and Taiwanese children’s ambulatory medical
care use for treating eighteen disease types linked to endocrine and metabolic disorders, nutrition, immunity, infections, asthma, mental health, injury, and poisoning. We used longitudinal data in the Taiwan National Health
Insurance scheme (NHI) for 764,526 elementary children,and employed approximate NHI data to construct
three indicators imputed to food insecurity: low birth weight status, economic status (poverty versus nonpoverty), and time of year (summer break time versus semester time). We compared ambulatory care for these
diseases between children withlow birth weight and those not, and between children living in poverty and those
not. A difference-in-differences method was adopted to examine the potential for a publicly- funded lunch program to reduce the harmful health effects of food insecurity on poor children. We found that children in poverty
were significantly morelikely to have ambulatory visits linked with diabetes, inherited disorders of metabolism,
iron deficiency anemias, ill-defined symptoms concerning nutrition, metabolism and development, as well as
mental disorders. Children with low birth weight also had a significantly higher likelihood of using care for other
endocrine disorders and nutritional deficiencies, in addition to the above diseases. The study failed to find any
significant effect of the semester school lunch program on alleviating the harmful health effects of food insecurity for poor children, suggesting that a more intensive food program or other program approaches might be required to help poor children overcome food insecurity and its related health outcomes.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):605-619.doi:
>>Abstract
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Equity, food security and health equity in the Asia Pacific region
Author:Sharon Friel PhD and Phillip I Baker MHSc
Keywords:health inequity, social determinants, food security
Abstract:What, and how much, people eat is a response to their socio-political, socio-economic, socio-environmental and
socio-cultural environments. Good nutrition is central togood health. Globally, health has improved for many
but not for everyone equally. That food and nutrition-related health is unequallydistributed is a marker of societal failure. For some individuals, communities and even nations, it is a matter of not having enough food, of being unable to afford food and there being little nutritious food readily available. For others there is an over abundance of food but its nutritional quality is compromised, access to healthy food is poor and cost of food is high
relative to other commodities. Human development and poverty reduction in the Asia Pacific region cannot be
achieved without improving nutrition in an equitable way. There is no biological reason for the scale of difference in health, including diet-related health that is observed in the Asia Pacific region. That it exists is unethical
and inequitable. Asymmetriceconomic growth, unequal improvements in daily living conditions, unequal distribution of technical developments and suppression of human rights have seen health inequities perpetuate and
worsen, particularly over the last three decades. Addressing diet-related healthinequities requires attention to the
underlying structural drivers and inequities in conditionsof daily living that disempower individuals, social
groups and even nations from the pursuit of good nutrition and health. These are matters of economic and social
policy at the global, regional and national level.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):620-632.doi:
>>Abstract
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Improved food availability for food security in Asia-Pacific region
Author:Ray-Yu Yang PhD and Peter M HansonPhD
Keywords: food-based nutrition, food system, food security framework, sustainable agriculture, malnutrition
Abstract:Food security requires that all people can access sufficient food for a healthy life. Enough food is produced to feed
the global population, but more than 1.02 billion people are malnourished. Malnutrition and chronic food insecurity
are widespread in some countries of the Asia-Pacific region; as much as 20 to 60 percent of the region’s population
lacks sufficient food to meet their minimum energy requirement. Food security greatly depends on food availability,
although this alone is not sufficient to secure satisfactory nutritional status. Food security at the national level requires an effective framework of food, health, and economicsystems coupled with awareness and consideration of
environmental conditions. To improve food availability and security in the short term, lower income countries
should focus on increasing productivity in the food system to generate higher incomes for workers on-farm and offfarm in the food chain. Over the long term, sustainable and small-scale farming based on ecologically viable systems should be the emphasis for agricultural development.Nutrition and health sectors should help promote foodbased approaches that lead to diversification of crops, balanced diets, and ultimately better health.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):633-637.doi:
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Information system equality for food securityimplementation of the food safety control system in Taiwan
Author:Shaun C Chen PhD, Guoo-Shyng Wang Hsu PhD and Chih
Keywords:food security, food safety, foodborne illness, good hygienic practice (GHP), HACCP
Abstract:Food security plays a central role in governing agricultural policies in Taiwan. In addition to overuse or the illegal use of pesticide, meat leanness promoters, animal drugs and melaminein the food supply; as well as foodborne illness draws the greatest public concern due to incidents that occur every year in Taiwan. The present report demonstrates the implementation of a food safety control system in Taiwan. In order to control foodborne
outbreaks effectively, the central government of the Department of Healthof Taiwan launched the food safety
control system which includes both the good hygienic practice (GHP) and the HACCP plan, in the last decade.
From 1998 to the present, 302 food affiliations that implemented the system have been validated and accredited
by a well-established audit system. The implementation of a food safety control system in compliance with international standards is of crucial importance to ensure complete safety and the high quality of foods, not only
for domestic markets, but alsofor international trade.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):638-641.doi:
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Gender-specific roles and needs in food-health security
Author:Wen-Harn Pan PhD, Yao-Te Hsieh MS, Mark L Wahlqvis
Keywords: gender, inequality, food, health, security
Abstract:People rely on foods to provide energy and nutrients to sustain life and to ensure health. In the entire chain from
acquiring foods to ingesting them, women contribute in unique ways to the food system. Although foods or nutrients requirements for both sexes are biologically similar in many aspects, women go through more complex
life-cycles than men and may experience greater risk of nutrient deprivation due to their role to bear and to rear
off-spring. Therefore, women and their offspring are particularly vulnerable to food scarcity and to poor dietary
quality. On the other hand, the female genome, partly through sex hormones delays the development of many
chronic diseases which result from the modern affluent lifestyle. The inherent biological roles of men and
women and their socially constructed roles may interact with one another, affecting the health security of each
gender, their families, and the well-being of the societies in which they live. Historically and contemporarily,
women in general are socially and politically more underprivileged than men. The inequality which women have
faced has jeopardized not only their health and that of their female children, but the well-being of all. In developed countries and in more and more developing countries, equal opportunities for education are promoted. Recent research indicates that women have a greater tendency than men to engage in healthy behaviours when empowered with health knowledge. Risky health-related behaviours, includingpoor food choices, are more often
practiced by men and warrant more public healthattention.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):642-646.doi:
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Ethical management of food systems: plant based diet as a holistic approach
Author:Tina HT Chiu RD, Chin-Lon Lin MD
Keywords:vegetarian diet, ethics, food supply, ecosystem, meat
Abstract:While improvement in agricultural technology had enabled the production of abundant food, it has thus far failed
to eliminate hunger. Malnutrition is expected to reach an all time high. Evidences have suggested that animal
based diet has put immense pressure on the already fragile food system, contributing to problems in terms of
global food security, health security, and environmental sustainability. Plant based dietary approaches may therefore, target some of these problems from the roots, and may be a solution toimproving ethical issues and equity
in the current food system. This paper examines how meat production and consumption contributed to the current crises in the food system through the lens of ethics – the moral compass – to find directions on how the present generation should eat, and how the food system could be maintained for a better future.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):647-653.doi:
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Food and health considerations in Asia-Pacific regional security
Author:John McKay MA
Keywords:Asia-Pacific security, food security, development in Asia-Pacific, regional resilience, food prices
Abstract:Recent dramatic increases in food prices in much of the world have caused much concern, and have even resulted in some public protests and riots. This is easy to understand given the large percentages of incomes that
the poor devote to food purchases. Many commentators have predicted that food supplies in the Asia-Pacific region will become much more limited in the future as the result of population growth, the rapid growth of cities,
new food demands by a growing middle class, the impacts of climate change, and the growth of a global food
industry. But will these possible shortages of food result inpressures that will destabilise the security situation in
the region? Recent work of the whole concept of security has resulted in some redefinition of the term to include
issues of human security, but it could also be argued that severe strains on the human security situation could
even result in increased instability in the more traditional kind of security regime. The extreme case of North
Korea is used as an example of how this might happen. But we really do not know if such dangers are real ones
for the region as a whole, and it is suggested that much more research is needed in this area. The whole concept
of resilience has been used in some studies elsewhere and this may be useful starting point for new work in this
area.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):654-663.doi:
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The global food crisis: an Australian dairy industry perspective
Author:Greg Walsh PhD
Keywords:food, dairy, farming, drought, Australia
Abstract:This paper seeks to shed further light on the factors contributing to the emerging global food crisis by examining
the reasons for an unusual downturn in dairy food production in Australia, from where 11% of the world trade in
dairy foods originates.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):664-668.doi:
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Human security in the Asia Pacific: perspective of food and health security
Author:Fu-Kuo Liu PhD
Keywords:human security, food security, health security, climate change, food supply
Abstract:As combined new factors could further complicate the food supply and health security for regional countries,
new perspective on human security should be prioritized on securitizing health security in the region. In recent
years, food production and supply has been affected by unpredictable climate change and unaccountable manmade factors in the region. With increased pressure from food security issues, personal health and human security is badly affected. It poses a threat to human security and becomes a concern of all states. In the new era, the
pressing reality for all countries is that there is no exception for anyone before a pandemic. Threats to human security become not only a national security issue but also a transnational challenge.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):669-673.doi:
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Climate change and food security in East Asia
Author:Yi-Yuan Su SJD, Yi-Hao Weng MD and Ya-Wen Chiu PhD
Keywords:climate change, food security, adaptation, East Asia, UNFCCC
Abstract:Climate change causes serious food security risk for East Asian countries. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has recognized that the climate change will impact agriculture and all
nations should prepare adaptations to the impacts on food security. This articlereviews the context of adaptation
rules and current policy development in East Asian region. The UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol have established
specific rules for countries to develop national or regional adaptation policies and measurements. The current
development of the ASEAN Strategic Plan on food security is inspiring, but the commitments to implementation
by its members remain an issue of concern. We suggest that the UNFCCC enhances co-operation with the Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other international organizations to further develop methodologies and
technologies for all parties. Our findings suggest that agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors in terms of
risks associated with climate change and distinct programmatic initiatives are necessary. It’s imperative to promote co-operation among multilateral organizations, including the UNFCCC, FAO, World Health Organization,
and others.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):674-678.doi:
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The nature of international health security
Author:Ya-Wen Chiu PhD, Yi-Hao Weng MD, Yi-Yuan Su SJD, C
Keywords:security, health security, globalization, emerging disease, infectious disease
Abstract:Health issues occasionally intersect security issues. Health security has been viewed as an essential part of human security. Policymakers and health professionals, however, do not share a common definition of health security. This article aims to characterize the notions of healthsecurity in order to clarify what constitutes the nexus
of health and security. The concept of health security has evolved over time so that it encompasses many entities.
Analyzing the health reports of four multilateral organizations (the United Nations, World Health Organization,
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the European Union) produced eight categories of most significant
relevance to contemporary health security, allowing comparison of the definitions. The four categories are:
emerging diseases; global infectious disease; deliberate release of chemical and biological materials; violence,
conflict, and humanitarian emergencies. Two other categories of common concern are natural disasters and
environmental change, as well as chemical and radioactive accidents. The final two categories, food insecurity
and poverty, are discussed less frequently. Nevertheless, food security is emerging asan increasingly important
issue in public health. Health security is the first line of defence against health emergencies. As globalization
brings more complexities, dealing with the increased scale and extent of health security will require greater international effort and political support.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):679-683.doi:
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Food security and population health and well being
Author:Dov Jaron PhD and Osman Galal MD PhD
Keywords:diet, food supply, food insecurity, health, well being
Abstract:Food security is an important element inthe multi-factorial systems analysis of health and well being. The interaction between food supply and other important factors making up the system can shed light on individual and
population health. A critical analysis of the health system must also include consideration of disparity in food security since it represents one of the most dramatic indicators of economic and healthinequality. A large fraction
of the world’s population -- particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and in South East Asia -- is chronically hungry.
Distributing food commodities alone does not appear to significantly reduce global food insecurity. In addition,
promoting agricultural development, economic growth, and education assistance is needed in order to mitigate
the underlying causes of chronic hunger, and in turn improve health and well being.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):684-687.doi:
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A Food in Health Security (FIHS) platform in the AsiaPacific Region: the way forward
Author:Mark L Wahlqvist, John Donough H Keatinge, Colin D
Keywords:human security, planetary health, agriculture, social determinants, ethics, systems, network
Abstract:The advent of multiple global crises, especially those of climate change, economics, energy, water, food and
health evident in 2008, is of considerable moment to those who are suffering their consequences and for those
with responsibility and interest in the systems affected. A coalition of parties in the Asia Pacific Region who
work in the food and health systems met in August, 2009 in Taiwan and instigated a Food in Health Security
(FIHS) Network which might join with other like-minded networks in and beyond the region. Sustainable health
has many dimensions, among which food and nutrition is often neglected; there is a wide spectrum of nutritionally-related disorders. Malnutrition remains the global concern for agricultural research and development scientists and linkage with the health sector is key to progress. The disconnect between agricultural and health sectors
negatively impacts consumer nutrition and health. Ethical and equity affect food and health systems. Food and
health security is attainable only when the underlying social inequities are addressed; it is an ethical issue as reflected in the UN Universal declaration of Human Rights which includes the right to food for health and wellbeing. Food and health security are part of the larger security agenda and merit corresponding attention. Policy
recommendations with immediacy are greater investment incombined food and health research; an Asia Pacific
security agenda which emphasizes planetary, human, health and food security as relevant to traditional defence
security; and community and household security measures which include maternal literacy, communication technology and entrepreneurial opportunity.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):688-702.doi:
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Book Review and Future Events
Author:
Keywords:
Abstract:
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009;18(4):703-704.doi:
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