Calcium supplementation for 2 years improves bone mineral accretion and lean body mass in Chinese adolescents
Author:Jing Yin PhD, Qian Zhang PhD, Ailing Liu PhD, Weij
Keywords:adolescents, bone mineral accretion, calcium supplementation, body composition, China
Abstract:Objective: to study the effects of different doses of calcium intake on bone health and body composition in Chinese adolescents. Methods: a double-blind randomized controlled trial of calcium carbonate supplementation in
257 healthy adolescents aged 12-15 years old for 24 months. Subjects were randomly assigned to four groups receiving chewable calcium carbonate tablets providing elemental calcium at 63 mg/d, 354 mg/d, 660 mg/d, 966
mg/d, respectively. At the end of intervention, we reclassified 197 adolescents into3 groups who had received
actual doses of elemental calcium of 85 mg/d (Low dose), 230 mg/d (Medium dose) and 500 mg/d (High dose).
We measured bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition by dual-energy
X-ray absorptiometry. Results: BMC and BMD of total body and lumbar spine were increased significantly in
both males and females after intervention at all doses (p<0.05). In males, after supplementation, total body BMC
in the medium and high dose groups (2464 g and 2437 g, respectively) was significantly higher than that in the
low dose group (2321 g) after adjusting for age, pubertal development, BMI, physical activity and energy intake;
in addition, lean body mass in the medium and high dose groups (49.1 kg and 48.8 kg, respectively) was significantly higher than that in the low dose group (46.7 kg) (p<0.05). There was no significant effect of calcium supplementation on bone mass or body composition in females. Conclusions: calcium supplementation more than
230 mg/d for two years can improve bonemineral accretion and lean body mass in Chinese male adolescents.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):152-160.doi:
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Dairy intake and cognitive health in middle-aged South Australians
Author:Georgina E Crichton Honours (Hons),Karen J Murphy
Keywords:dairy products, milk, cognition, mental health, metabolic syndrome
Abstract:Background: Consumption of low fat dairy foods may decreasethe risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension,
and all cardiovascular risk factors linked with increasedprobability of cognitive impairment. Aim: To examine
associations between dairy intake and self-reported cognitive function and psychological well-being, and to test
the novel hypothesis that dairy consumption may benefit cognitive health via its positive effects on cardiometabolic health. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional analyses were undertaken on data from food frequency
questionnaires and self-reported health of 432 men and 751 women, aged 39 to 65 years. Health measures included cardiometabolic health indicators, cognitive and memory functioning, mental health, anxiety, stress, depression and self-esteem; assessed by standardised questionnaires. Results: Regression analyses, adjusted for total energy intake and other health confounders, showed that consumption of low fat yogurt was associated with
increased quality of memory recall (p=0.029) and greater social functioning (p=0.045) in men. Consumption of
low fat cheese was associated with greater social functioning (p=0.021) and decreased stress (p=0.042) in
women. Intakes of whole fat dairy products, including ice-cream and cream, were associated with increased depression, anxiety, stress, cognitive failures, poorer memoryfunctioning and general health (all p<0.05). There
was no association between cardiometabolic health indicators and dairy consumption. Conclusions: Low fat
dairy may have beneficial effects on social functioning, stress and memory, while whole fat dairy may be associated with poorer psychological well-being. Dietary intervention trials are needed to establish whether there is a
direct effect of dairy consumption on cognitive and psychological health.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):161-171.doi:
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Correlates of body dissatisfaction among Taiwanese adolescents
Author:Li-Jung Chen PhD, Kenneth R Fox PhD, Anne M Haase
Keywords:body dissatisfaction, body image, obesity, adolescent, Taiwan
Abstract:Purpose: This study was designed to explore factors associated with body dissatisfaction among Taiwanese adolescents. Methods: Participants wererandomly selected from five high schools in Taipei County, Taiwan. A total
sample of 883 adolescents aged 12-16 was included. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using self-reported
weight and height. The Contour Drawing Rating Scale was used to assess body dissatisfaction. Other measurements included the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-AppearanceEvaluation (MBSRQ-AE),
the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, the Eating Disorder Inventory-Perfectionism, the Socio-cultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ–Internalization and SATAQ–Awareness), and physical activity. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed separately by gender to examine predictors of body dissatisfaction. Results: girls reported significantly higher body dissatisfaction, awareness of the socio-cultural ideals (SATAQ-Awareness), as well as the internalization of those ideals (SATAQ-Internalization) and lower satisfaction
with their physical appearance (MBSRQ-AE). This indicated that girls felt less positive with their overall appearance and had a higher level of recognition and endorsement of the social standards of appearance than boys.
Satisfaction with physical appearance (MBSRQ-AE), BMI and internalization of socio-cultural ideals (SATAQInternalization) were unique predictors of body dissatisfaction for both genders. Conclusions: this study enhanced the understanding about body dissatisfaction in Eastern populations. Perceived physical appearance, BMI
and internalization of the socio-cultural ideals predicted body dissatisfaction, which are evident in Taiwan, as
well as in Western based research. However, these factors only explained a small variance in body dissatisfaction for boys, suggesting a need in identifying morefactors related to body dissatisfaction among boys.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):172-179.doi:
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Health ratings for underweight, overweight and obese adolescents: disparities between adolescent’s own report and the parent’s report
Author:Christy Pu PhD and Yiing-Jenq Chou PhD
Keywords:adolescent, thinness, obesity, parent, health
Abstract:In many Asian countries, overweight and obese children are sometimes considered healthier than their underweight or normal weight counterparts. Using Taiwan as an example, this research aims to examine the relationship between inappropriate weight and self-rated health (SRH) for adolescents, and inappropriate weight and the
parent’s impression of their adolescent’s general health. We analyzed datafrom 1,879 adolescents (933 boys and
946 girls) from the third year (2003) of a panel survey conducted by the Academia Sinica of Taiwan. Adolescents were identified as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese using body mass index (BMI).
Kappa statistic was used to determine agreements between adolescent’s own report and their health as reported
by their parent. Logistic regression was used to determine odds of reporting reduced health by adolescents with
inappropriate weight. A separate regression was carried out using the parent’s reports for these adolescents. We
found that underweight boys were more likely to report reduced health (OR=2.15, p<0.01). Overweight girls had
lower odds of reporting reduced health compared with normal weight girls (OR=0.42, p<0.01). Parents were
more likely to report reduced health for underweight girls (OR=2.10, p<0.01). For boys, parents were less likely
to report reduced health for overweight boys compared with reports for normal weight subjects (OR=0.51,
p<0.01). Being underweight is associated withpoor perceived health by both the adolescents and their parents.
This contrasts with overweight and obesity, which are not. Health educational programs could help in adjusting
perceptions concerning the health consequences associated with overweight and obesity.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):180-187.doi:
>>Abstract
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Rising methods and leavening agents used in the production of bread do not impact the glycaemic index
Author:Monica Hardman Fredensborg MSc, Tracy Perry PhD, J
Keywords:bread, glycaemic index, yeast, flour, fermentation
Abstract:The aim of this study was to compare the glycaemic index of breads produced using different rising methods and
leavening agents. Eleven bread varieties were selected based on method of production, and divided between
three groups of ten participants (mean ± SD age 30.0 ± 10.7 years and BMI 22.9 ± 2.8). Standard glycaemic index testing protocol was implemented after an overnight fast, using glucose as the reference food, and collecting
blood samples over a two-hour period. Glycemic index was calculated using the usual method. Additionally, incremental area under the curve data were log transformed and glycaemic index was calculated using regression
analysis. Mean glycaemic index values of the breads inascending order were as follows: Swiss Rye™; 60, Long
oat; 68, Sourdough+oats; 71, Long rye; 76, Short oat; 77, Short whole meal; 78, Long whole meal; 80, Sourdough; 82, Short rye; 82, Yeast; 88, and Desem; 92. There were significant differences in mean glycaemic index
values between Swiss Rye™ and Yeast (p = 0.010), Swiss Rye™ and Desem (p = 0.007) and Sourdough+oats
and Desem (p = 0.043). The rising method and leavening agents used in this study did notimpact on the glycaemic index of the breads tested. Other factors, such as increased bread density, and the addition of whole grains
may be required to produce bread with a low glycaemic index.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):188-194.doi:
>>Abstract
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Milk fortified with the current adequate intake for vitamin D (5μg) increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D compared to control milk but is not sufficient to prevent a seasonal decline in young women
Author:Tim J Green PhD, C Murray Skeaff PhD, Jennifer E R
Keywords:25-hydroxyvitamin D, milk, vitamin D, New Zealand, women
Abstract:Low vitamin D status in women of childbearing age may have implications for health. Vitamin D status of New
Zealanders (NZ), based on low serum 25-hydroxyvitaminD (25OHD) is suboptimal. Vitamin D status may be
improved with supplements and/or fortified foods. Recently an Adequate Intake (AI) for Australia and NZ was
set at 5 µg/d vitamin D. We aimed to determine the effect of daily consumption of milk powder fortified with 5
µg vitamin D3on serum 25OHD concentration over12 wks. 73 non-pregnant women (18 - 47y) living in Dunedin, NZ (46°S) were randomised toreceive either unfortified (control) or fortified (5 µg vitamin D3) milk for 12
wks from January to April. Mean 25OHD was similar between groups at week 0 (control 74 vs 76 nmol/L) and
fell significantly in both groups over the 12 weeks (control 53 nmol/L, fortified 65 nmol/L; p < 0.001). After 12
wks the fortified milk group had a serum 25OHD 19% (95%CI; 7, 32%) higher (10 nmol/L) than the control
group after adjusting for baseline levels (p< 0.001). Daily consumption of fortified milk providing the current
AI of 5 µg per day vitamin D3for 12 weeks resulted in higher 25OHD concentrations than control milk. This
dose was not sufficient to prevent the seasonal decline in 25OHD. This study suggests an AI of 5 µg may be inadequate for New Zealanders to allow for seasonal changes in sunlight exposure, and is unlikely sufficient for
other populations with low sunlight exposure.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):195-199.doi:
>>Abstract
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Effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on protein metabolism in bed-ridden elderly receiving tube feeding
Author:Lan-Chi Hsieh MS, Chau-Jen Chow PhD, Wen-Chou Chan
Keywords:muscle wasting, proteolysis, nursing home, malnutrition, urinary urea nitrogen excretion
Abstract:Malnutrition and muscle loss are common in bed-ridden elderly nursing home residents. Supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been shown to prevent muscle loss in several catabolic conditions. The
aim of this study was to investigate the effect ofHMB supplementation on body composition and protein metabolism in bed-ridden elderly nursing home residents receiving tube feeding. The subjects were randomly assigned to HMB (n=39, 2 g/d) or control group (n=40). Anthropometry measurements, blood sampling, and 24-hr
urine collection were performed on the day before and 14days after the start of the study. A subgroup of subjects (HMB: n=19, control: n=20) continued the study for another 14 days. Changes in body weight and BMI
were not significantly different between the groups after 14 or 28 days after controlling for baseline BMI. Blood
urea nitrogen significantly decreased in the HMB group, while it remained unchanged in the control group after
14 days. Urinary urea nitrogen excretion significantly decreased in the HMB group, while it showed a trend of
increase in the control group after 14 and 28 days, respectively. Changes in blood urea nitrogen and urinary urea
nitrogen excretion were significantly different between the groups after controlling for baseline BMI. This study
suggested that HMB supplementation for 2-4 weeks could reduce muscle breakdown in bed-ridden elderly nursing home residents receiving tube feeding.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):200-208.doi:
>>Abstract
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Initiating BMI prevalence studies in Vietnamese children: changes in a transitional economy
Author:Chinh Van Dang PhD, R Sue Day PhD, Beatrice Selwyn
Keywords:weight, height, BMI, Vietnamese children, overweight
Abstract:Background: Rapid changes in dietary patterns and lifestyles in Vietnam warrant monitoring trends of weight,
height and body mass index (BMI) among children. Objective: To determine the trendsof weight, height and
BMI classification of Vietnamese children, 6-15 years of age, from 1992 to 2000 with reference to socioeconomic, urban and rural differences. Methods: Data in the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (1992-1993) and the
General Nutrition Survey (2000) were collected from representative samples of children. Body mass index classification was determined using the International Obesity Task Force criteria to calculate the prevalence and
trends in each survey, and in a pooled survey analysis. Results: Statistically significant increases were seen in
children’s mean weight, height and BMI between the two surveys: 2.1 kg for weight, 4 cm for height, and 0.28
kg/m
2
for BMI. Increases in height were greater in rural than urban areas, and BMI increases were smaller in rural than urban areas. Conclusions: The rising prevalence of children at risk of overweight in urban Vietnam is a
concern that must be monitored to guide policy changes.The unchanging prevalence of rural underweight boys
requires attention. A national nutrition program to address under- and overweight for children throughout primary school is needed.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):209-216.doi:
>>Abstract
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Whole blood citrulline concentrations in newborns with non-syndromic oral clefts – a preliminary report
Author:Kamil K Hozyasz MD, Mariusz Oltarzewski PhD, Iwona
Keywords:cleft palate, citrulline, neonate, metabolomics, tandem mass spectrometry
Abstract:The amino acid citrulline is poorly represented in food, except for the Cucurbitaceae family of fruits (watermelons, etc.) and sap from birch trees, which have both been used in the treatment of reproductive disorders for centuries. Recently, an interesting observation was published regarding citrulline as a promising candidate biomarker of abnormal embryogenesis. Our study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of newborn citrulline concentrations as potential risk factors for orofacial clefting. We performed a retrospective analysis of citrulline concentrations obtained from the results of a newborn screening program. The study group consists of 52
children with isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate. One hundred and seven healthy children without congenital anomalies serve as controls. Whole blood citrulline levels were measured using tandem mass spectrometry. Two cut-off points of citrulline concentrations were accepted and three groups of participants were analysed:
those with (1) low concentrations (<8 μmol/L), (2) medium concentrations (8 - 16 μmol/L), and (3) high concentrations (>16 μmol/L). Low citrulline levels were significantly more frequent in patients with clefts than in children without congenital anomalies. In the control group, a high level of citrulline was observed nearly two times
more often than in affected children (p=0.03). The presented findings, confirming a possible association between
newborn citrulline status and the risk of an orofacial cleft, call for further studies in this area and consideration of
increased consumption of foods rich in citrulline (or supplements) by women of childbearing age.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):217-222.doi:
>>Abstract
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Nutritional status of the Iranian children with physical disability: a cross-sectional study
Author:Tirang R Neyestani PhD, Monireh Dadkhah-Piraghaj M
Keywords:nutritional assessment, disabled child, anthropometry, malnutrition, diet
Abstract:Background: Malnutrition can potentially prone a disabled child to further morbidities thus imposing further suffering to the affected child and his/her family. This is the first report on the nutritional status of physically disabled children from Iran. Methods: A total of 290 physicallydisabled children aged 6-12 yeas old, of both sexes,
and from all specialized schools in Tehran, Meshed and Rasht were enrolled in a descriptive cross-sectional
study. Dietary assessment was performed for disabled children using 24hr and food-frequency questionnaires.
Weight and height were assessed and body mass index (BMI) was calculated for all subjects. Results: In disabled
children, while the mean energy intake was more than90% of the amount required, mean calcium and iron intakes were 75.8% and 58.7% of the corresponding required amounts. Despite absence of significant difference in
energy and fat intake, the intakes of protein, calcium and riboflavin were significantly lower in girls than in boys.
Z score of weight showed that over 40% of disabled girls and boys were underweight. Comparison with anthropometric data from other studies showedthat low weight was more prevalent in disabled than in non-disabled
children (p<0.001). Moreover, both disabled boys and girls had significantly shorter statures than their nondisabled counterparts. Conclusions: Malnutrition (low weight and stunting) is quite prevalent among Iranian
children with motor disabilities and it is more prevalent in girls than in boys. It seems that poor food composition
is a more important contributing factor than total low calorie intake. These datawarrants further studies.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):223-230.doi:
>>Abstract
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Is the current iodine content in edible salt appropriate for eliminating iodine deficiency in China
Author:Sumei Li PhD,Yibing FanMPH, Haiying ChenBA, Xiuwei
Keywords:iodine deficiency disorder (IDD), universal salt iodization (USI), salt iodization, urinary iodine, field trial
Abstract:Objective: This study was designed to measure the urinary iodine excretion of volunteers who daily consumed
iodized salt and to evaluate whether the current iodine content in salt is appropriate. A field trial study was then
conducted to determine how the salt iodization content should be adjusted, either to prevent iodine deficiency or
to avoid excess consumption. Methods: A total of 1,099 volunteers from 399 households from urban and rural
regions were selected. The levels of salt iodine and urinary iodine were measured prior to the field trial. All the
households were randomly divided into four groups according to different salt iodine concentrations: group A,
6±2 mg/kg; group B, 15±2 mg/kg, groupC, 24±2 mg/kg; and group D, 34±2 mg/kg. The urinary iodine levels of
households were determined over five consecutive days, starting on the 27
th
day after the intervention. Results:
Before the intervention, the median urinary iodineexcretions for urban and rural residents are 294 μg/L and 509
μg/L, respectively. By contrast, urinary iodine excretion inall groups significantly declined after the intervention.
The median excretions of urinary iodine on the 28
th
day after the intervention for all groups were 97.2 μg/L, 199
μg/L, 249 μg/L and 331 μg/L for urban residents, and 101 μg/L, 193 μg/L, 246 μg/L and 308 μg/L for their rural
counterparts, respectively. Conclusions: The trial exhibits a tendency of slightly excessive iodine intake among
the households under the currently recommended standard. `
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):231-235.doi:
>>Abstract
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Dietary intakes and behaviours in pregnant women of Li ethnicity: a comparison of mountainous and coastal populations in southern China
Author:Fan ZhangMSc, Cong Yi MPH, Guihong Fang MSc, Dondo
Keywords:food intake, dietary habits, behaviour, pregnant women, southern China
Abstract:The aim of our study was to describe and compare nutritional status and food related behaviours in rural pregnant women of Li ethnicity as they had been divided into mountainous and costal groups by residential area. One
hundred and ninety-six randomly selected healthy rural pregnant women of Li ethnicity for the mountainous
group (MG), and eighty-two for the coastal group (CG) were recruited. Data were collected via demographic
questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, food related behaviour questionnaires, five day dietary diaries and
plasma folate tests. The mean (SD) age, years of education, and height of all participants were respectively 25.7
(3.99) years, 7.57 (2.45) years and 155 (5.04)cm, without significant group differences (p>0.05). Significant differences were shown in dietary intakes of protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fibre, thiamine, vitamin C, folate,
potassium, sodium and magnesium between MG and CG (p<0.05). The prevalence of plasma folate deficiency
differed significantly between groups (3.08% in MG vs 37.8% in CG, p<0.001). High prevalence of active or
passive smoking (65.1% in MG vs 68.4% in CG), alcohol consumption (13.8% in MG vs 2.6% in CG), and betel
quid chewing (19.6% in MG vs 53.9% in CG) were found in all participants. Differences in alcohol consumption
and betel quid chewing rates betweengroups were also significant (p<0.05). In general, coastal Li pregnant
women have a poorer plane of nutrition than their mountainous counterparts. Therefore, healthy diet and lifestyle
education are urgently required and should be emphasised during routine prenatal care.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):236-242.doi:
>>Abstract
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Calcium absorption in Australian osteopenic postmenopausal women: an acute comparative study of fortified soymilk to cows’ milk
Author:Anne Lise TangBSc(Hons), Karen Z Walker PhD, Gisel
Keywords:calcium, soymilk, osteopenia, labelling, bioavailability
Abstract:Calcium loss after menopause increases the risk of osteoporosis in aging women. Soymilk is often consumed to
reduce menopausal symptoms, although in its native form, it contains significantly less calcium than cow’s milk.
Moreover, when calcium is added as a fortificant, it may not be absorbed efficiently. This study compares calcium absorption from soymilk fortified with a proprietary phosphate of calcium versus absorption from cow’s
milk. Preliminary studies compared methods for labelling the calcium fortificant either before or after its addition to soymilk. It was established that fortificant labelled after it was added to soymilk had a tracer distribution
pattern very similar to that shown by fortificant labelled before adding to soymilk, provided a heat treatment
(90˚C for 30 min) was applied. This method was therefore used for further bioavailability studies. Calcium absorption from fortified soy milk compared to cow’s milk was examined using a randomised single-blind acute
cross-over design study in 12 osteopenic post-menopausal women aged (mean ± SD) 56.7±5.3 years, with a
body mass index of 26.5±5.6 kg/m
2
. Participants consumed 20 mL of test milk labelled after addition of fortificant with 185 kBq of
45
Ca in 44 mg of calcium carrier, allowing the determination of the hourly fractional calcium absorption rate (α) using a single isotope radiocalcium test. The mean hourly fractional calcium absorption
from fortified soymilk was found to be comparable to that of cows’ milk: α= 0.65±0.19 and α=0.66±0.22,
p>0.05, respectively.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):243-249.doi:
>>Abstract
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Poor iodine status and knowledge related to iodine on the eve of mandatory iodine fortification in Australia
Author:Karen E CharltonPhD, Heather R Yeatman DPH, Fiona
Keywords: iodine, salt, fortification, consumer perceptions, women
Abstract:Background: Mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt is proposed toaddress the re-emergence of iodine
deficiency in Australia and New Zealand. The impacts offortification require baseline data of iodine status
among vulnerable sectors of the population.Objective: To assess the iodine status of healthy women and to investigate consumer understanding and attitudes related to the proposed mandatory iodine fortification programme. Design: Cross-sectional sample of 78 non-pregnant women aged 20-55 y was conveniently sampled in
Wollongong, NSW. A single 24-hr urine sample was collected for urinary iodine concentration (UIC). A selfadministered questionnaire assessed consumer understanding, perceptions and attitudes related to iodine fortification. Outcomes: Median UIC = 56 µg/L (IQR = 41-68), indicating mild iodine deficiency. Knowledge about
iodine was poor with less than half associating low iodine status with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Health education and supplementation, particularly at the medical practitioner interface, was considered the best strategy
for improving low iodine levels. Conclusions: The iodinestatus of women in one region of New South Wales
was low. These data add support to the need for a national approach to address iodine intake which includes an
accompanying consumer education campaign.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):250-255.doi:
>>Abstract
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The use of table and cooking salt in a sample of Australian adults
Author:Carley A GrimesBNutrDiet (Hons), Lynn J Riddell Ph
Keywords:sodium, dietary, table salt, Australia, public health
Abstract:Background: Dietary sodium, the major source being salt, is associated with hypertension. Australian adults consume more than the recommended amount of salt and approximately 15% of dietary sodium comes from salt
added at the table and during cooking. Objective: To determine the frequency of and the demographic characteristics associated with discretionary salt use. Design: A cross sectional survey conducted in shopping centres
within Metropolitan Melbourne. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing discretionary salt use and attitudes to salt intake. Outcomes: Four hundred and seventy four surveys were collected (65% female, 77% Caucasian, 64% holding a university qualification). Eighty nine percent of respondents were classified as salt users and
11% as non-salt users. Of the salt users 52% reported that they always or sometimes add salt during cooking and
at the table. Those of Asian descent and younger respondents aged 18-24 years were more likely to be salt users
(χ
2
=12.3, df=2, p<0.001; χ
2
=19.2, df=5, p<0.01). Conclusion: Discretionary salt use remains high. To successfully reduce population dietary salt intake public health campaigns are urgently required and need to include
consumer advice to reduce discretionarysalt use, whilst reducing the salt added to processed foods. Such campaigns should include younger age groups and should be appropriate for all ethnic backgrounds to raise the
awareness of the risks of a high salt diet on health.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):256-260.doi:
>>Abstract
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Cardiovascular risk prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control from 1998 to 2007 in Koreans
Author:Kayoung Lee MD PhD
Keywords:cardiovascular disease, risk factor, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension
Abstract:This study estimated prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of cardiovascular risk (CV) defined as
hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes from 1998 to 2007 among Koreans. Data using self-report or
screening examination were obtained from the KoreanNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(KNHANES) conducted in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007, for the 30-79 year age range. The age-adjusted prevalence of hypercholesterolemia slightly increased across the surveys, while those values of hypertension and diabetes revealed decreasing trends. Awareness and control rates among participants with diabetes and hypertension
improved over the period of surveys in both genders, but treatment rate varied among risk factors (24-39% for
those with prior diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia, 59-90% for hypertension, and 52-99% for diabetes). In the
survey of 2007, participants who achieved target levels made up 67-90% of those who received hypercholesterolemia treatment, 55-73% of those who received hypertension treatment, and 62-74% of those who received
diabetes treatment. Although awareness and control rate of CV risk factors improved across survey periods,
strategies for reducing disparity from the assessment and control between CV risk factors will be required.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):261-265.doi:
>>Abstract
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Effect of lifestyle on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among farmers, migrants with Yi ethnicity and the Han population in Sichuan province of China
Author:Chunxiu Wang PhD, Daying Wei MD, Bin Wang MS, Jian
Keywords: the metabolic syndrome, prevalence, obesity, lifestyle, ethnicity
Abstract:Yi people are the most primitive society in China. Little information on the metabolic syndrome (MS) is available in Yi people. We explored whether differing lifestyle affected the prevalence of MS among farmers and migrants of Yi ethnicity and Han population in one of the Southwestern parts of China. The prevalence of MS
among the three populations was described under the same International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. The
study populations comprised of 1,535 Yifarmers, 1,306 Yi migrants and 2,130 Han people. The effects of physical activity, obesity and other risk factor on MS were evaluated. Results showed that the age- and sex-adjusted
prevalence of MS was 9.9 times higher in Yi migrants (23.8%) and 6.3 times higher in Han people (15.2%) than
in Yi farmers (2.4%). In addition, the prevalence of MS increased significantly with age in both sexes, except for
a slight increase in Yi farmers. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was much lower in Yi farmers (9.3%
in men and 16.5% in women) than that in Yi migrants (46.2% in men and 34.8% in women) and Han people
(40.6% in men and 31.9% in women). Levels of physical activity were much greater in Yi farmers than in Yi
migrants and Han people. These results indicated that lifestyle had strongly influenced the development of MS in
Han and Yi Chinese and our study provided one more piece of evidence imputing that high prevalence of MS
might be related to a change in lifestyle associated with urbanization.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):266-273.doi:
>>Abstract
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Sources and intake of resistant starch in the Chinese diet
Author:Liyong Chen MD, Ruiping Liu MD, Chengyong Qin MD,
Keywords:content, dietary survey, intake, resistant starch, source
Abstract:Resistant starch (RS) escapes digestion in the small intestine and may ferment in the large intestine. The purpose
of this study was to determine the resistant starch content in typical starchy foods and to estimate the daily resistant starch intake and identify key sources of dietary resistant starch in the Chinese diets. The resistant starch
contents of 121 foods were determined using a method that mimicked gastrointestinal conditions. Tubers and
legumes had high resistant starch contents. Rough food processing retained large amounts of resistant starch. In
general, the content of RS decreased when foods were cooked. Deep fried and roasted foods had higher levels of
resistant starch than braised foods. The average resistant starch intake in the Chinese population was estimated to
be 14.9 g per day based on a dietary survey. The main resistant starch sources in the Chinese diet were cereal
and tuber products. Based on dietary habits, however, the resistant starch intake varies considerably among individuals.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):274-282.doi:
>>Abstract
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Cross-sectional reference values of upper arm anthropometry of the Khasi tribal adolescents of Meghalaya, India
Author:Debashis Basu PhD, Deimaphishisha Sun MSc, Indrane
Keywords:nutritional status, upper limb indirectanthropometry, Khasi, adolescents, India
Abstract:The Khasi tribal people in India with their distinct ethnic identity have relative geographic isolation from the rest
of the country. Although chronic energy deficiency has been documented in this population, their nutritional
status has not been re-evaluated following a decade of economic growth in India. In this study, the nutritional
status of an ethno-homogenous sample of contemporary Khasi tribal adolescent cohort of age 11+ to 17+ years
in the state of Meghalaya, India has been assessed by cross sectional analysis. This was achieved through the use
of the following derived anthropometric measurements- total upper arm area (TUA), upper arm muscle area
(UMA), upper arm fat area (UFA), and arm fat index (AFI).A total of 670 adolescents (335 boys; 335 girls) participated in this study. In comparison with North American NHANES 1999-2002 standards, UMA, a measure of
upper arm muscle mass, was lower at all age groups in Khasi girls. Conversely, in Khasi boys, AFI, a marker of
upper arm fat mass was lower at all age groups, thereby showing a gender dimorphic difference in upper limb
muscle and fat proportions. We conclude that in upper arm indirect anthropometry, contemporary Khasi adolescent children remain nutritionally deficient with gender dimorphic muscle and fat proportions.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):283-288.doi:
>>Abstract
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Obesity screening for young Japanese males and females using skin fold measurements: the classification revisited
Author:Masaharu Kagawa PhD , Kazuhiro Uenishi PhD, Miki M
Keywords:anthropometry, Japanese, sum of skin folds, obesity, classification
Abstract:Anthropometric assessment is a simple, safe, and cost-efficient method to examine the health status of individuals. The Japanese obesity classification based on the sum of two skin folds (Σ2SF) was proposed nearly 40 years
ago therefore its applicability to Japanese living today is unknown. The current study aimed to determine Σ2SF
cut-off values that correspond to percent body fat (%BF)and BMI values using two datasets from young Japanese adults (233 males and 139 females). Using regression analysis, Σ2SF and height-corrected Σ2SF (HtΣ2SF)
values that correspond to %BF of 20, 25, and 30% for males and 30, 35, and 40% for females were determined.
In addition, cut-off values of both Σ2SF and HtΣ2SF that correspond to BMI values of 23 kg/m
2
, 25 kg/m
2
and
30 kg/m
2
were determined. In comparison with the original Σ2SF values, the proposed values are smaller by
about 10 mm at maximum. The proposed values show an improvement in sensitivity from about 25% to above
90% to identify individuals with ≥20% body fat in males and ≥30% body fat in females with high specificity of
about 95% in both genders. The results indicate that the original Σ2SF cut-off values to screen obese individuals
cannot be applied to young Japanese adults living today and modification is required. Application of the proposed values may assist screening in the clinical setting.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(2):289-293.doi:
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